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psychology > Ch 11 Sociology: Institutions And Theories > Flashcards

Ch 11 Sociology: Institutions And Theories Flashcards

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1
Q

Macro vs microsociology

A

Large groups and social structure vs. small groups and the ind

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2
Q

Functionalism

A

Or functional analysis - study of structure and function of each part of society. Early functionalists viewed society as living organism well when all fulfill their functions

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3
Q

Function

A

Refers to beneficial consequences of people’s actions. Help keep society in balance

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4
Q

Dysfunctions

A

Harmful consequences of people’s actions that undermine society’s equilibrium

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5
Q

Manifest function

A

Action intended to help some part of a system

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6
Q

Latent function

A

The unintended positive consequences of manifest functions. Unstated or unrecognized

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7
Q

Sick person in functionalism

A

Deviant - against social norms.
Manifestation of deviance in healthcare and medicine is that the one who’s fallen ill is not only physically sick but now adheres to social role of being sick that disrupts normal order of society

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8
Q

Power

A

In sociology refers to a form of influence over other people

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9
Q

Conflict theory

A

Based on works of Karl Marx. Focuses on how power differentials are created and how these differentials contribute to maintenance of social order.

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10
Q

Symbolic interactionism

A

Study of the ways inds interact through a shared understanding of words, gestures and other symbols. Symbols are the key to understanding how we view the world and communicate with one another.

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11
Q

Social constructionism

A

Focuses on how inds put together their social reality. Constructs arise from humans communicating and working together to agree on the significance of a concept or principle. Physical or abstract objects

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12
Q

Rational choice theory

A

Focuses on decision making in an ind and attempts to reduce this process to careful consideration of benefits and harms to ind. chooses option with highest benefit to harm ratio

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13
Q

Exchange theory

A

Extension of rational choice theory focusing on interactions in groups. Behavior met with approval will reinforce that behavior and vice verse

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14
Q

Feminist theory

A

Attempts to explain social inequalities that exist on the basis of gender. Focuses on subordination of women through social structures and institutional discrimination

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15
Q

Glass ceiling

A

Phenomenon in which women are promoted less frequently and have more difficulty getting top level admin positions in a company

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16
Q

Social institutions

A

Well established social structures that dictate certain patterns of behavior or relationships and are accepted as a fundamental part of culture. Regulate ind behaviors

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17
Q

Family

A

Influenced by culture, value systems, beliefs, practices, gender, age, race, ethnicity, etc. no fixed definition across cultures

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18
Q

Hidden curriculum

A

In education- transmitting social norms, attitudes, beliefs to students

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19
Q

Teacher expectancy

A

Idea that teachers tend to get what they expect from their students.

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20
Q

Religion

A

Pattern of social activities organized around a set of beliefs and practices that seek to address the meaning of existence (sociology definition)

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21
Q

Religiosity

A

How religious one considers himself to be. Includes strength of religious beliefs, engagement in religious practices, and attitudes about religion itself

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22
Q

Church

A

Large, universal religious group that can be divided into multiple coexisting denominations

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23
Q

Government and economy

A

Systematic arrangements of political and capital relationships, activities, and social structures that affect rule making, representation of the ind in society, rights and privileges, division of labor, and production of goods and services

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24
Q

Democracy

A

Allows every citizen a vote through elected representatives

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25
Q

Monarchies

A

Royal ruler may be limited by parliament

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26
Q

Dictatorship

A

Single person holds power

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27
Q

Theocracy

A

Power by religious leaders.

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28
Q

Division of labor

A

Encouraged in capitalistic societies - specific components of a larger task are separated and assigned to skilled and trained inds

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29
Q

Sick role

A

Mid 20th century - those who are sick not responsible for illness but exempt from social responsibility and expected to seek help. Now pts are responsible for health too

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30
Q

Beneficence

A

In medicine - physician has responsibility to act in pt’s best interest

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31
Q

Nonmaleficence

A

Do no harm

32
Q

Respect for pt autonomy

A

Respect pt decisions and choices in their own healthcare.

33
Q

Justice

A

Physician has a responsibility to treat similar pts with similar care, distribute resources fairly

34
Q

Culture

A

Encompassing the entire lifestyle for a given group. What makes human societies different from one another.
Material and symbolic culture

35
Q

Artifacts

A

Material items that people make, possess, and value

36
Q

Material culture

A

Meaning of objects of a society

37
Q

Symbolic culture

A

Also called nonmaterial culture - ideas that represent groups of people. Material is often the tangible representation.

38
Q

Culture lag

A

Symbolic culture is slower to change than material.

39
Q

Values

A

What a person deems important in life, which dictates one’s ethical principals and standards of behavior

40
Q

Belief

A

Something an ind accepts to be truth

41
Q

Cultural barriers

A

When cultural difference impedes interaction with others

42
Q

Demographics

A

Statistics of populations. Mathematical application of sociology

43
Q

Demographic categories

A

Age, gender, race and ethnicity, sexual orientation, and immigration status

44
Q

Ageism

A

Prejudice or discrimination on basis of age

45
Q

Gender

A

Social construct that corresponds to behavioral, cultural, or psychological traits typically associated with a biological sex

46
Q

Gender inequality

A

Intentional or unintentional empowerment of one gender to the detriment of the other

47
Q

Gender segregation

A

Separation of inds based on perceived gender

48
Q

Race

A

Social construct based on phenotypic differences between groups of people. Real or perceived differences. Not strictly defined by genetics but by superficial traits such as skin color.

49
Q

Racialization

A

Refers to the definition or establishment of a group as a particular race

50
Q

Racial formation theory

A

Posits that racial identity is fluid and dependent on concurrent political, economic, and social factors

51
Q

Ethnicity

A

Social construct that sorts people by cultural factors, including language, nationality, religion, and other factors

52
Q

Symbolic ethnicity

A

A specific connection to one’s ethnicity in which ethnic symbols and identity remain important, even when ethnic identity does not play a significant role in everyday life

53
Q

Kinsey scale

A

Scale of 1-6 everyone has a little gay and a little straight

54
Q

intersectionality

A

interplay between multiple demographic factors especially leading to discrimination or oppression

55
Q

demographic shifts

A

changes in makeup of a pop over time

56
Q

population pyramids

A

provide histogram of pop size of various age cohorts

57
Q

fertility rate

A

average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime in a population

58
Q

birth rate

A

children per 1000 people per year

59
Q

mortality rate

A

deaths per 1000 people per year

60
Q

migration rate

A

immigration rate minus emigration rate

61
Q

crude rate

A

adjusted to a certain pop size over a specific period of time and multiplied by a constant to give a whole number

62
Q

pull factors

A

positive attributes of a new location that influence migration

63
Q

push factors

A

negative attributes of an old location that influence migration

64
Q

demographic transition

A

specific example of demographic shift referring to changes in birth and death rates in a country as it develops from a preindustrial to industrial economic system

65
Q

four stages of demographic transition

A

stage 1: preindustrial society (birth and death rates are high); stage 2: improvements in healthcare, nutrition, sanitation, and wages cause death rates to drop; 3: fewer births due to more effort supporting them, women’s rights, contraception, industrial; 4: industrialized society in which birth and death rates are low

66
Q

Malthusian theory

A

focuses on how the exponential growth of a population can outpace growth of the food supply and lead to social degradation and disorder

67
Q

Malthusian catastrophe

A

prediction that as third-world nations industrialize and undergo demographic transition, the pace at which the world population will grow is much faster than the ability to generate food and mass starvation will occur

68
Q

social movements

A

organized either to promote or to resist social change

69
Q

relative deprivation

A

a perceived decrease in resources, representation, or agency relative to the past or to the whole of society

70
Q

proactive social movements

A

those that promote social change

71
Q

reactive social movements

A

those that resist social change

72
Q

Globalization

A

process of integrating the global economy with free trade and tapping of foreign markets

73
Q

urbanization

A

refers to dense areas of population creating a pull for migration; cities are formed as individuals move into and establish residency in these new urban centers

74
Q

ghettoes

A

areas where specific racial, ethnic, or religious minorities are concentrated, usually due to social or economic inequities

75
Q

slum

A

extremely densely populated area of a city with low-quality, often informal housing and poor sanitation

psychology (6 decks)

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