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Essential Biology Ch 6-10 > Ch. 9 - Patterns of Inheritance > Flashcards

Ch. 9 - Patterns of Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

ABO blood groups

A

Genetically determined classes of human blood that are based on the presence or absence of carbohydrates A and B on the surface of red blood cells. The ABO blood group phenotypes, also called blood types, are A, B, AB, and O.

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2
Q

achondroplasia

A

A form of human dwarfism caused by a single dominant allele. The homozygous condition is lethal.

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3
Q

alleles

A

An alternative version of a gene.

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4
Q

Carrier

A

An individual who is heterozygous for a recessively inherited disorder and who therefore does not show symptoms of that disorder.

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5
Q

character

A

A heritable feature that varies among individuals within a population, such as flower color in pea plants.

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6
Q

chromosome theory of inheritance

A

A basic principle in biology stating that genes are located on chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns.

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7
Q

codominance

A

The expression of two different alleles of a gene in a heterozygote.

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8
Q

dihybrid cross

A

A mating of individuals differing at two genetic loci.

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9
Q

dominant allele

A

In a heterozygote, the allele that determines the phenotype with respect to a particular gene.

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10
Q

F1 generation

A

The offspring of two parental (P. generation) individuals. F1 stands for first filial.

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11
Q

F2 generation

A

The offspring of the F1 generation. F2 stands for second filial.

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12
Q

Genetics

A

The scientific study of heredity (inheritance).

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13
Q

Hemophilia

A

A human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele and characterized by excessive bleeding following injury.

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14
Q

Heredity

A

The transmission of traits from one generation to the next.

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15
Q

heterozygous

A

Having two different alleles for a given gene.

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16
Q

homozygous

A

Having two identical alleles for a given gene.

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17
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

A human genetic disease caused by a dominant allele; characterized by uncontrollable body movements and degeneration of the nervous system; usually fatal 10 to 20 years after the onset of symptoms.

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18
Q

hybrids

A

The offspring of parents of two different species or of two different varieties of one species; the offspring of two parents that differ in one or more inherited traits; an individual that is heterozygous for one or more pairs of genes.

19
Q

hypercholesterolemia

A

An inherited human disease characterized by an excessively high level of cholesterol in the blood.

20
Q

inbreeding

A

The mating of close relatives.

21
Q

incomplete dominance

A

A type of inheritance in which the phenotype of a heterozygote (Aa) is intermediate between the phenotypes of the two types of homozygotes (AA and aa).

22
Q

law of independent assortment

A

A general rule of inheritance, first proposed by Gregor Mendel, that states that when gametes form during meiosis, each pair of alleles for a particular character segregate (separate) independently of each other pair.

23
Q

law of segregation

A

A general rule of inheritance, first proposed by Gregor Mendel, that states that the two alleles in a pair segregate (separate) into different gametes during meiosis.

24
Q

linkage map

A

A map of a chromosome showing the relative positions of genes.

25
Q

linked genes

A

Genes located close enough together on a chromosome that they are usually inherited together.

26
Q

locus

A

(plural, loci) The particular site where a gene is found on a chromosome. Homologous chromosomes have corresponding gene loci.

27
Q

monohybrid cross

A

A mating of individuals differing at one genetic locus.

28
Q

P generation

A

The parent individuals from which offspring are derived in studies of inheritance. P stands for parental.

29
Q

pedigree

A

A family tree representing the occurrence of heritable traits in parents and offspring across a number of generations.

30
Q

phenotype

A

The expressed traits of an organism.

31
Q

pleiotropy

A

The control of more than one phenotypic character by a single gene.

32
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

The additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic characteristic.

33
Q

Punnett square

A

A diagram used in the study of inheritance to show the results of random fertilization.

34
Q

recessive allele

A

In heterozygotes, the allele that has no noticeable effect on the phenotype.

35
Q

recombination frequency

A

With respect to two given genes, the number of recombinant progeny from a mating divided by the total number of progeny. Recombinant progeny carry combinations of alleles different from that seen in either of the parents as a result of independent assortment of chromosomes and crossing over.

36
Q

Red-green colorblindness

A

A category of common sex-linked human disorders involving several genes on the X chromosome and characterized by a malfunction of light-sensitive cells in the eyes; affects mostly males but also homozygous females.

37
Q

rule of multiplication

A

A rule stating that the probability of a compound event is the product of the separate probabilities of the independent events.

38
Q

sex-linked gene

A

A gene located on a sex chromosome.

39
Q

sickle-cell disease

A

A genetic disorder in which the red blood cells have abnormal hemoglobin molecules and take on an abnormal shape.

40
Q

testcross

A

The mating between an individual of unknown genotype for a particular character and an individual that is homozygous recessive for that same character.

41
Q

trait

A

A variant of a character found within a population, such as purple flowers in pea plants.

42
Q

true-breeding

A

Referring to organisms for which sexual reproduction produces offspring with inherited traits identical to those of the parents. The organisms are homozygous for the characteristics under consideration.

43
Q

wild-type trait

A

The trait most commonly found in nature.

Essential Biology Ch 6-10 (5 decks)

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