Ch. 6 - Cellular Respiration

Question 1

aerobic

Answer 1

Containing or requiring molecular oxygen (O2).

Question 2

anaerobic

Answer 2

Lacking or not requiring molecular oxygen (O2).

Question 3

ATP synthase

Answer 3

A protein cluster, found in a cellular membrane (including the inner membrane of mitochondria, the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts, and the plasma membrane of prokaryotes), that uses the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP from ADP. An ATP synthase provides a port through which hydrogen ions (H1) diffuse.

Question 4

cellular respiration

Answer 4

The aerobic harvesting of energy from food molecules; the energy-releasing chemical breakdown of food molecules, such as glucose, and the storage of potential energy in a form that cells can use to perform work; involves glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, the electron transport chain, and chemiosmosis.

Question 5

citric acid cycle

Answer 5

The metabolic cycle that is fueled by acetyl CoA formed after glycolysis in cellular respiration. Chemical reactions in the cycle complete the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide. The cycle occurs in the matrix of mitochondria and supplies most of the NADH molecules that carry energy to the electron transport chains. Also referred to as the Krebs cycle.

Question 6

Consumer

Answer 6

An organism that obtains its food by eating plants or by eating animals that have eaten plants.

Question 7

electron

Answer 7

A subatomic particle with a single unit of negative electrical charge. One or more electrons move around the nucleus of an atom.

Question 8

electron transport

Answer 8

A redox (oxidation-reduction) reaction in which one or more electrons are transferred to carrier molecules. A series of such reactions, called an electron transport chain, can release the energy stored in high-energy molecules such as glucose. See also electron transport chain.

Question 9

electron transport chain

Answer 9

A series of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP; located in the inner membrane of mitochondria, the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts, and the plasma membrane of prokaryotes.

Question 10

fermentation

Answer 10

The anaerobic harvest of food by some cells.

Question 11

glycolysis

Answer 11

The multistep chemical breakdown of a molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid; the first stage of cellular respiration in all organisms; occurs in the cytoplasmic fluid.

Question 12

Heterotroph

Answer 12

An organism that cannot make its own organic food molecules from inorganic ingredients and must obtain them by consuming other organisms or their organic products; a consumer or a decomposer in a food chain.

Question 13

Krebs cycle

Answer 13

See citric acid cycle.

Question 14

NADH

Answer 14

An electron carrier (a molecule that carries electrons) involved in cellular respiration and photosynthesis. NADH carries electrons from glucose and other fuel molecules and deposits them at the top of an electron transport chain. NADH is generated during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.

Question 15

oxidation

Answer 15

The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction; always accompanies reduction.

Question 16

Photosynthesis

Answer 16

The process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria transform light energy to chemical energy stored in the bonds of sugars made from carbon dioxide and water.

Question 17

producers

Answer 17

An organism that makes organic food molecules from carbon dioxide, water, and other inorganic raw materials: a plant, alga, or autotrophic bacterium; the trophic level that supports all others in a food chain or food web.

Question 18

redox reaction

Answer 18

Short for oxidation-reduction reaction; a chemical reaction in which electrons are lost from one substance (oxidation) and added to another (reduction). Oxidation and reduction always occur together.

Question 19

reduction

Answer 19

The gain of electrons by a substance involved in a redox reaction; always accompanies oxidation.