Ch 9 Flash Cards

Question 1

Metformin - Class

Answer 1

Biguanide

Question 2

Metformin - Mechanism of Action

Answer 2

helps to control the amount of glucose (sugar) in your blood. It decreases the amount of glucose you absorb from your food and the amount of glucose made by your liver

Question 3

Metformin - Side Effects

Answer 3

GI upset, lactic acidosis (rare), vitamin B12 deficiency.

Question 4

Metformin - Nursing Considerations

Answer 4

Take with meals to reduce GI upset. Discontinue before contrast dye procedures.

Question 5

Sulfonylureas - Mechanism of Action

Answer 5

Stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells.

Question 6

Sulfonylureas - Side Effects

Answer 6

Hypoglycemia, weight gain.

Question 7

Sulfonylureas - Nursing Considerations

Answer 7

Risk of hypoglycemia, especially in elderly or if meals are skipped.

Question 8

Glinides - Mechanism of Action

Answer 8

Stimulate rapid, short-term insulin release from pancreas.

Question 9

Glinides - Administration

Answer 9

Take just before meals to control postprandial blood glucose.

Question 10

Thiazolidinediones - Mechanism of Action

Answer 10

Improve insulin sensitivity in muscle, liver, and fat cells.

Question 11

Thiazolidinediones - Side Effects

Answer 11

Weight gain, fluid retention, increased risk of heart failure.

Question 12

Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors - Mechanism

Answer 12

Delay breakdown and absorption of carbohydrates in the intestine.

Question 13

Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors - Administration

Answer 13

Take with the first bite of each main meal.

Question 14

DPP-4 Inhibitors - Mechanism

Answer 14

Prolong action of incretin hormones, increasing insulin and decreasing glucagon.

Question 15

SGLT2 Inhibitors - Mechanism

Answer 15

Block glucose reabsorption in kidneys, increasing urinary glucose excretion.

Question 16

SGLT2 Inhibitors - Side Effects

Answer 16

UTIs, genital infections, dehydration, rare ketoacidosis.

Question 17

Incretin Mimetics (GLP-1 Agonists) - Route

Answer 17

Subcutaneous injection.

Question 18

Incretin Mimetics - Mechanism

Answer 18

Stimulate insulin release, suppress glucagon, slow gastric emptying.

Question 19

Rapid-Acting Insulin - Examples

Answer 19

Lispro (Humalog), Aspart (NovoRapid)

Question 20

Rapid-Acting Insulin - Onset/Peak/Duration

Answer 20

Onset: 10–15 min, Peak: 1–2 hrs, Duration: 3–5 hrs

Question 21

Short-Acting Insulin - Example

Answer 21

Regular insulin (Humulin R, Novolin ge Toronto)

Question 22

Short-Acting Insulin - Onset/Peak/Duration

Answer 22

Onset: 30 min, Peak: 2–3 hrs, Duration: 6.5 hrs

Question 23

Intermediate-Acting Insulin - Example

Answer 23

NPH (Insulin Isophane)

Question 24

Intermediate-Acting Insulin - Onset/Peak/Duration

Answer 24

Onset: 1–3 hrs, Peak: 5–8 hrs, Duration: Up to 18 hrs

Question 25

Long-Acting Insulin - Examples

Answer 25

Glargine (Lantus), Detemir (Levemir)

Question 26

Long-Acting Insulin - Characteristics

Answer 26

No peak, duration ~24 hrs, given once or twice daily.

Question 27

Hypoglycemia - Definition

Answer 27

Blood glucose < 4.0 mmol/L.

Question 28

Hypoglycemia - Autonomic Symptoms

Answer 28

Anxiety, sweating, tremor, hunger, palpitations.

Question 29

Hypoglycemia - Neuroglycopenic Symptoms

Answer 29

Confusion, drowsiness, vision changes, difficulty speaking.

Question 30

Hypoglycemia - Treatment (Conscious)

Answer 30

15g of fast-acting carbs, recheck in 15 min, repeat if needed.

Question 31

Hypoglycemia - Treatment (Unconscious, No IV)

Answer 31

1 mg glucagon IM or SC, call emergency services.

Question 32

Hypoglycemia - Treatment (Unconscious, IV Access)

Answer 32

25-50 mL D50W IV over 1-3 min, follow with carbs when conscious.