Ch 9: Environmental and Nutritional Diseases Flashcards
What is the “Global Disease Burden”?
It estimates the burden imposed by environmental dz
What is “Disability adjusted life year” (DALY)?
Sum of years of life LOST due to premature mortality and disability in a population.
Describe the prevalence of HIV/AIDS between 1990s and now.
There have been large increases in mortality due to HIV/AIDS since the 1990s.
What is the single leading global cause of health loss (morbidity + premature death)?
Undernutrition
What is the leading cause of death in developed countries?
Ischemic heart and cerebral vascular disease
How prevalent is infectious disease in developing countries? Name the most common ones.
5/10 leading causes of death are infectious diseases.
Respiratory infections HIV/AIDS Diarrheal diseases TB Malaria
In the postnatal period, ~50% of all deaths in kids younger than 5 are attributed to 3 conditions. What are they?
pneumonia
diarrheal dz
malaria
Describe some changing trends in GBD.
Increasing Cardiovascular disease, cancer, HIV
Decreasing diarrheal dz and neonatal conditions
Name the categories of emerging infectious dz and give examples.
Newly evolved strains/organisms (ex: multi drug resistant TB, chloroquine-resistant malaria, MRSA)
Pathogens endemic to other species that recently jumped to human populations (ex: HIV)
Pathogens that have been present in human pop, but show recent increase in incidence (ex: dengue fever - due to warming spread to southern US)
What is poised to become the global leading cause of environmental disease?
Climate change
Climate change has serious negative impact on human health by increasing incidence of dz. Name a couple and why they are becoming more prevalent.
Cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and respiratory dz = worsened by heatwaves and air pollution
Gastroentritis, cholera, food borne and waterborne infectious dz = contamination from floods and disruption of clean water supplies
Vector-borne infectious dz = malaria, Dengue fever = due to increasing temp, crop failures
Malnutrition = due to crop failure
Define toxicology.
distribution, effects, and mechanisms of action of toxic agents
physical agents = radiation, heat
What is poison dependent on?
dosage!
all substances are poisons - the right dosage differentiates poison from remedy
Define Xenobiotics.
exogenous chemicals in environment that may be absorbed into body
What is characteristic of xenobiotics that helps them be absorbed easily?
They are lipophilic - facilitates transportation and penetration through basement membrane
What 2 things happen to xenobiotics in the body?
Metabolized to inactive water-soluble product = detoxification
Activated to form toxic metabolites
What enzyme family makes xenobiotics toxic? Can they also detoxify? If so, how?
CYP450
Detoxification through 2 phases:
1) chemicals undergo hydrolysis, oxidation, or reduction
2) products of phase 1 converted to water-soluble compounds through glucoronidation, sulfation, methylation, and conduction with glutathione
Where is the CYP450 enzyme system found?
Primarily ER of liver
but also sin, lungs, GI
What is the more common action of CYP450?
Detoxification
Less common = converting xenobiotics into active compounds
Will both mechanisms of CYP450 cause cell injury? Explain.
Yes, because both produce ROS as a byproduct
What does CYP450 metabolize carbon tetrachloride into? What other compounds does it metabolize?
It converts the dry cleaning agent into a toxic trichlozomethyl free radical
Also metabolizes acetaminophen, barbiturates, warfarin, alcohol, and anticonvulsants.
What are the pollutants associated with OUTDOOR air pollution?
Sulfur dioxide Carbon monoxide Ozone Nitrogen dioxide Lead Particulate matter (soot)
Who are affected by OZONE and what are the effects?
Healthy adults and children = decreased lung function, increased airway reactivity, lung inflammation
Athletes, outdoor workers, asthmatics = decreased exercise capacity, increased hospitalization
Who are affected by SULFUR DIOXIDE and what are the effects?
Healthy adults = increased respiratory infections
Indiv with chronic lung disease = increased mortality
Asthmatics = increased hospitalization, decreased lung function
