Ch 7: Neoplasia (Part 1: Nomenclature; Benign vs. Malignant)

Question 1

Define Cancer, Neoplasia, Tumor, Oncology and Clonal.

Answer 1

Cancer = generic term for all malignant neoplasms

Neoplasia/tumor = New growth or form

Oncology = study of tumors

Clonal = entire population of neoplasm arises form single sell hat incurs genetic change

Question 2

Define Benign vs. Malignant.

Answer 2

BTs stay local, while MTs metastasize.

BTs circumscribed, MTs not

Benign is well differentiated, MT poorly differentiated

Question 3

What is -oma?

Answer 3

a benign tumor

Question 4

What is a carcinoma?

Answer 4

Malignant neoplasm of epithelial cell origin derived form any 3 germ layers

ex: squamous cell carcinoma

Question 5

What is a sarcoma?

Answer 5

Malignant tumor arising from solid mesenchymal tissue

ex: Leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma

Question 6

Which is the most common general category of malignant tumor in adults? Is this the same in children>

Answer 6

Carcinoma

This neoplasm type is rare in children

Question 7

What are the most common type of lung cancer? What are some others?

Answer 7

Most common = adenocarcinoma

Others (in order):
Squamous cell carcinoma
Small cell
Large cell

Question 8

Parenchyma is associated with? Stroma is associated with?

Answer 8

Parenchyma = carcinoma

Stroma = sarcoma

Question 9

Define metaplasia.

Answer 9

Replacement as one type of cell with another type

Question 10

Define dysplasia.

Answer 10

Disordered growth

Question 11

How do you grade cancer?

Answer 11

CIN 1-4

Question 12

Name the -oma that ARE malignant.

Answer 12

Mesothelioma
Meningioma
Lymphoma
Melanoma

Question 13

What gene are the EGF-receptor family? What tumors are associated? How are they caused?

Answer 13

Proto-oncogenes

ERBB1 = EGFR - mutation causes lung andenocarcinoma

ERBB2 = HER - Amplifications leads to great carcinoma

Question 14

Describe ALK. What tumors are associated? How are they caused?

Answer 14

Proto-oncogene

Translocation leads to Lung adenocarcinoma and certain lymphomas

Point mutation leads to neuroblastoma

Question 15

Describe ABL. What tumors are associated? How are they caused?

Answer 15

Proto-oncogne

Translocation leads to chronic myelogenous leukemia

Point mutation leads to acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Question 16

Describe BRAF. What tumors are associated? How are they caused?

Answer 16

Proto-oncogne
Comes from RAS signal transduction

Point mutations and translocation will lead to melanoma, hairy cell leukemia, colon adenocarcinoma, papillary thyroid carcinoma, langerhans cell histiocytosis etc.

Question 17

Describe Myc. What tumors are associated? How are they caused?

Answer 17

Proto-oncogene
Transcriptional activator

Translocation –> Burkitt lymphoma

Amplification –> Neuroblastoma

Question 18

Describe CCND1. What tumors are associated? How are they caused?

Answer 18

Cell cycle regulator proto-oncogene

Mantle cell lymphoma, multiple myeloma, Breast and esophageal cancer

Question 19

Describe CDK4. What tumors are associated? How are they caused?

Answer 19

Cell cycle regulator proto-oncogene

Glioblastoma, melanoma, sarcoma

Question 20

Describe APC. Function? Cancers?

Answer 20

Inhibits WNT signaling

Stomach/colon/pancreas carcinomas, melanoma

Question 21

Describe NF1. Function? Cancers?

Answer 21

Inhibitor of RAS/MAPK signaling

Neuroblastoma
Juvenile myeloid leukemia

Question 22

Describe NF2. Function? Cancers?

Answer 22

Cytoskeletal stability, Hippo pathway

Swannoma, meningioma

Question 23

Describe PTCH. Function? Cancers?

Answer 23

inhibitor of hedgehog

Basal cell carcinoma
Medulloblastoma

Question 24

Describe RB. Function? Cancers?

Answer 24

Inhibitor og G1/S transition

Retinoblastoma
Osteosarcoma
Carcinomas of breast, colon, and lung

Question 25

Describe VHL. Function? Cancers?

Answer 25

Inhibitor of HIF Familial = von Hippel Lindau syndrome (cerebellar hemangioblastoma, retinal angioma, renal cell carcinoma) Sporadic = renal cell carcinoma

Question 26

Describe CDH1. Function? Cancers?

Answer 26

Prob with E-cadherin leading to probs in cell adhesion and inhibition of cell motility Gastric carcinoma, lobular breast carcinoma

Question 27

Describe TP53. Function? Cancers?

Answer 27

Normal: Cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in response to DNA damage Most human cancers

Question 28

Describe BRCA1/BRCA2. Function? Cancers?

Answer 28

Normal: double stranded breaks in DNA Familial breast and ovarian cancer, male breast cancer Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (BRCA2)

Question 29

Describe MSH/MLH. Function? Cancers?

Answer 29

Normal: DNA mismatch repair Colonic and endometrial carcinoma

Question 30

Describe WT1. Function? Cancers?

Answer 30

Transcription factor Wilms tumor (kidney), certain leukemias

Question 31

Name CML translocation and gene involved.

Answer 31

9:22 ABL/BCR

Question 32

Name AML translocation.

Answer 32

8:21 or 15:17

Question 33

Name Burkitt lymphoma translocation.

Answer 33

8:14

Question 34

Name mantle cell lymphoma translocation.

Answer 34

11:14

Question 35

Name follicular lymphoma translocation.

Answer 35

14:18

Question 36

DNMT3A. Function? Associated tumor?

Answer 36

DNA methylation AML

Question 37

MLL1 and MLL2. Function? Associated tumor?

Answer 37

Histone methylation 1 = Acute leukemia in infants 2 = follicular lymphoma

Question 38

CREBBP/EP300. Function? Associated tumor?

Answer 38

Histone acetylation Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

Question 39

ARID1A. Function? Associated tumor?

Answer 39

Nucleosome positioning/chromatin remodeling Ovarial clear cell carcinoma Endometrial carcinoma

Question 40

SNF5. Function? Associated tumor?

Answer 40

Nucleosome positioning/chromatin remodeling Malignant rhabdoid tumor

Question 41

PBRM1. Function? Associated tumor?

Answer 41

Nucleosome positioning/chromatin remodeling Renal carcinoma

Question 42

Tumors associated with HCG serum marker?

Answer 42

Trophoblastic tumors | Testicular tumors

Question 43

Tumors associated with Calcitonin serum marker?

Answer 43

Medullary carcinoma of thyroid

Question 44

Tumors associated with Catecholamine and metabolites serum marker?

Answer 44

Pheochromocytoma

Question 45

Tumors associated with a-Fetoprotein serum marker?

Answer 45

Liver cell cancer | Germ cell tumors of testis

Question 46

Tumors associated with Carcinoembryonic antigen serum marker?

Answer 46

Carcinomas of: colon, lung, pancreas, heart, stomach

Question 47

Tumors associated with Prostatic Acid Phosphatase serum marker?

Answer 47

Prostate cancer

Question 48

Tumors associated with Neuron-specific enolase serum marker?

Answer 48

Small cell lung cancer | Neuroblastoma

Question 49

Tumors associated with Immunoglobulins serum marker?

Answer 49

Multiple myeloma and other gammopathies

Question 50

Tumors associated with PSA serum marker?

Answer 50

Prostate cancer

Question 51

Tumors associated with Ca-125 serum marker?

Answer 51

Ovarian cancer

Question 52

Tumors associated with Ca-19-9 serum marker?

Answer 52

Colon cancer | Pancreatic cancer

Question 53

Tumors associated with Ca-15-3 serum marker?

Answer 53

Breast cancer