Ch 7: Neoplasia (Part 1: Nomenclature; Benign vs. Malignant) Flashcards
Define Cancer, Neoplasia, Tumor, Oncology and Clonal.
Cancer = generic term for all malignant neoplasms
Neoplasia/tumor = New growth or form
Oncology = study of tumors
Clonal = entire population of neoplasm arises form single sell hat incurs genetic change
Define Benign vs. Malignant.
BTs stay local, while MTs metastasize.
BTs circumscribed, MTs not
Benign is well differentiated, MT poorly differentiated
What is -oma?
a benign tumor
What is a carcinoma?
Malignant neoplasm of epithelial cell origin derived form any 3 germ layers
ex: squamous cell carcinoma
What is a sarcoma?
Malignant tumor arising from solid mesenchymal tissue
ex: Leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma
Which is the most common general category of malignant tumor in adults? Is this the same in children>
Carcinoma
This neoplasm type is rare in children
What are the most common type of lung cancer? What are some others?
Most common = adenocarcinoma
Others (in order):
Squamous cell carcinoma
Small cell
Large cell
Parenchyma is associated with? Stroma is associated with?
Parenchyma = carcinoma
Stroma = sarcoma
Define metaplasia.
Replacement as one type of cell with another type
Define dysplasia.
Disordered growth
How do you grade cancer?
CIN 1-4
Name the -oma that ARE malignant.
Mesothelioma
Meningioma
Lymphoma
Melanoma
What gene are the EGF-receptor family? What tumors are associated? How are they caused?
Proto-oncogenes
ERBB1 = EGFR - mutation causes lung andenocarcinoma
ERBB2 = HER - Amplifications leads to great carcinoma
Describe ALK. What tumors are associated? How are they caused?
Proto-oncogene
Translocation leads to Lung adenocarcinoma and certain lymphomas
Point mutation leads to neuroblastoma
Describe ABL. What tumors are associated? How are they caused?
Proto-oncogne
Translocation leads to chronic myelogenous leukemia
Point mutation leads to acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Describe BRAF. What tumors are associated? How are they caused?
Proto-oncogne
Comes from RAS signal transduction
Point mutations and translocation will lead to melanoma, hairy cell leukemia, colon adenocarcinoma, papillary thyroid carcinoma, langerhans cell histiocytosis etc.
Describe Myc. What tumors are associated? How are they caused?
Proto-oncogene
Transcriptional activator
Translocation –> Burkitt lymphoma
Amplification –> Neuroblastoma
Describe CCND1. What tumors are associated? How are they caused?
Cell cycle regulator proto-oncogene
Mantle cell lymphoma, multiple myeloma, Breast and esophageal cancer
Describe CDK4. What tumors are associated? How are they caused?
Cell cycle regulator proto-oncogene
Glioblastoma, melanoma, sarcoma
Describe APC. Function? Cancers?
Inhibits WNT signaling
Stomach/colon/pancreas carcinomas, melanoma
Describe NF1. Function? Cancers?
Inhibitor of RAS/MAPK signaling
Neuroblastoma
Juvenile myeloid leukemia
Describe NF2. Function? Cancers?
Cytoskeletal stability, Hippo pathway
Swannoma, meningioma
Describe PTCH. Function? Cancers?
inhibitor of hedgehog
Basal cell carcinoma
Medulloblastoma
Describe RB. Function? Cancers?
Inhibitor og G1/S transition
Retinoblastoma
Osteosarcoma
Carcinomas of breast, colon, and lung
Describe VHL. Function? Cancers?
Inhibitor of HIF
Familial = von Hippel Lindau syndrome (cerebellar hemangioblastoma, retinal angioma, renal cell carcinoma)
Sporadic = renal cell carcinoma
Describe CDH1. Function? Cancers?
Prob with E-cadherin leading to probs in cell adhesion and inhibition of cell motility
Gastric carcinoma, lobular breast carcinoma
Describe TP53. Function? Cancers?
Normal: Cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in response to DNA damage
Most human cancers
Describe BRCA1/BRCA2. Function? Cancers?
Normal: double stranded breaks in DNA
Familial breast and ovarian cancer, male breast cancer
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (BRCA2)
Describe MSH/MLH. Function? Cancers?
Normal: DNA mismatch repair
Colonic and endometrial carcinoma
Describe WT1. Function? Cancers?
Transcription factor
Wilms tumor (kidney), certain leukemias
Name CML translocation and gene involved.
9:22
ABL/BCR
Name AML translocation.
8:21 or 15:17
Name Burkitt lymphoma translocation.
8:14
Name mantle cell lymphoma translocation.
11:14
Name follicular lymphoma translocation.
14:18
DNMT3A. Function? Associated tumor?
DNA methylation
AML
MLL1 and MLL2. Function? Associated tumor?
Histone methylation
1 = Acute leukemia in infants
2 = follicular lymphoma
CREBBP/EP300. Function? Associated tumor?
Histone acetylation
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
ARID1A. Function? Associated tumor?
Nucleosome positioning/chromatin remodeling
Ovarial clear cell carcinoma
Endometrial carcinoma
SNF5. Function? Associated tumor?
Nucleosome positioning/chromatin remodeling
Malignant rhabdoid tumor
PBRM1. Function? Associated tumor?
Nucleosome positioning/chromatin remodeling
Renal carcinoma
Tumors associated with HCG serum marker?
Trophoblastic tumors
Testicular tumors
Tumors associated with Calcitonin serum marker?
Medullary carcinoma of thyroid
Tumors associated with Catecholamine and metabolites serum marker?
Pheochromocytoma
Tumors associated with a-Fetoprotein serum marker?
Liver cell cancer
Germ cell tumors of testis
Tumors associated with Carcinoembryonic antigen serum marker?
Carcinomas of: colon, lung, pancreas, heart, stomach
Tumors associated with Prostatic Acid Phosphatase serum marker?
Prostate cancer
Tumors associated with Neuron-specific enolase serum marker?
Small cell lung cancer
Neuroblastoma
Tumors associated with Immunoglobulins serum marker?
Multiple myeloma and other gammopathies
Tumors associated with PSA serum marker?
Prostate cancer
Tumors associated with Ca-125 serum marker?
Ovarian cancer
Tumors associated with Ca-19-9 serum marker?
Colon cancer
Pancreatic cancer
Tumors associated with Ca-15-3 serum marker?
Breast cancer
