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Hematology > Ch. 9 - Energy Metabolism and Membrane Physiology of the Erythrocyte > Flashcards

Ch. 9 - Energy Metabolism and Membrane Physiology of the Erythrocyte Flashcards

0
Q

Process that provides energy to the RBCs

A

Glycolysis

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1
Q

Average life span of RBCs

A

120 days

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2
Q

Disease where there is shortened RBC survival due to deficiencies in enzymes involved in glycolysis

A

Hereditary nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia

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3
Q

What are the intracellular levels sodium, potassium and calcium?

A
  • Low sodium and calcium

- high potassium

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4
Q

What are the extracellular levels of sodium, calcium and potassium?

A
  • low potassium

- high sodium and calcium

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5
Q

Main molecule that supplies the energy of RBCs

A

Glucose

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6
Q

What is the net gain of ATP with the Embden-Meyerhof pathway?

A

2 molecules of ATP

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7
Q

3 shunts/diversions in the glycolytic pathway to generate products that maximize oxygen delivery from several vantage points

A
  • Hexose monophosphate pathway (HMP)/aerobic glycolysis/pentose phosphate shunt
  • Methemoglobin reductase pathway
  • Rapoport-Leubering pathway
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8
Q

What generally happens in the Hexose monophosphate pathway?

A

There is synthesis of glutathione that will reduce peroxide to water and oxygen. By detoxifying peroxide, the functional life span of the RBC is increased.

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9
Q

Molecule that is an essential requirement in the hexose monophosphate pathway. Without it, erythrocytes are vulnerable to oxidative reduction.

A

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

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10
Q

What is the general purpose of the methemoglobin reductase pathway?

A

The pathway makes sure that the iron must be in the ferrous state to participate in the formation of heme.

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11
Q

What happens during the Rapoport-Leubering pathway?

A

2,3-bisphosphoglycerate regulates oxygen delivery to tissues by competing with oxygen for hemoglobin. Oxygen is released when 2,3-BPG binds which enhances delivery of oxygen to the tissues.

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12
Q

3 factors that affect RBC deformability

A
  • geometry
  • viscosity
  • elasticity/plasticity/pliancy
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13
Q

Average volume of RBCs

A

90 fL

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14
Q

Average surface area of RBCs

A

140 um2

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15
Q

How many time can the RBCs be stretched without damage?

A

2.5 times their resting diameter

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16
Q

Normal range of mean cell hemoglobin concentration

A

32-36%

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17
Q

What is the relationship between hemoglobin concentration and viscosity?

A

Directly proportional; as hemoglobin concentration increases, viscosity rises

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18
Q

What are the percent composition of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids in the RBC membrane?

A
  • 8% carbohydrates
  • 52% proteins
  • 40% lipids
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19
Q

Substances in the RBC membrane that reseals tears when the membrane is torn

A

Phospholipids

20
Q

Substance in the RBC membrane that confers tensile strength to the lipid bilayer

A

Cholesterol

21
Q

Substance that maintains the cholesterol concentration in the lipid bilayer by regularly exchanging membrane and plasma cholesterol

A

Membrane enzymes

22
Q

2 phospholipids on the outer layer of the RBC membrane

A
  • Phosphatidylcholine

- Sphingomyelin

23
Q

2 phospholipids in the inner layer of the RBC membrane

A
  • Phosphatidylserine (PS)

- Phosphatidylethanolamine

24
Q

The only negatively-charged phospholipid

A

Phosphatidylserine

25
Q

Phospholipid that redistributes (flips) to the outer layer during sickle cell anemia & thalassemia or in RBCs that have reached their 120 day life span

A

Phosphatidylserine

26
Q

When does the “target cell” appearance of RBCs occur?

A

When there is low bile salt concentration which in turn lowers membrane cholesterol concentration

27
Q

A layer of carbohydrates whose net negative charge prevents microbial attack and protects the RBC from mechanical damage caused by adhesion to the neighboring RBCs or to the endothelium

A

Glycocalyx

28
Q

The glycocalyx is made up of ____________

A

Glycolipids

29
Q

Aggregation of transmembranous proteins that provide RBC membrane structural integrity

A

Ankyrin/protein 4.1

30
Q

The transmembranous proteins provide _________ membrane structure

A

Vertical

31
Q

What is used to stain glycophorins?

A

Periodic-acid Schiff (PAS) dye

32
Q

Indentification technique that distinguished 15 membrane proteins

A

Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) using Coomassie blue dye

33
Q

2 principal skeletal proteins

A

Alpha-spectrin and beta-spectrin

34
Q

Shape formed by the spectrins

A

Hexagonal lattice

35
Q

How many triple helix repeats make up an alpha spectrin?

A

20 triple-helical repeats with 106 amino acids each

36
Q

How many triple helix repeats make up a beta-spectrin?

A

16 triple-helical repeats of 106 amino acids each

37
Q

Condition where the RBC membrane fails to rebound from deformation, and the RBCs progressively elongate to form visible eliptocytes which cause a mild to severe hemolytic anemia

A

Hereditary elliptocytosis (ovalocytosis)

38
Q

A transmembranous protein that forms spores or channels whose surface charges create inward flow of water in response to internal osmotic changes

A

Aquaporin 1

39
Q

A transmembranous protein that transports glucose without energy expenditure

A

Glut-1

40
Q

Intracellular-to-extracellular ratio sodium

A

1:12

41
Q

Intracellular-to-extracellular ratio of potassium

A

25:1

42
Q

Normal range of calcium intracellularly

A

5-10 umol/L

43
Q

Enzyme that increases the reduction rate of methemoglobin by NADPH

A

Cytochrome b5 reductase (cytob5r)

44
Q

Regulates the concentration of Na and K, maintaining the normal intracellular-extracellular ratios

A

ATPase-dependent cation pumps

45
Q

Condition where there is pump mechanism damage which permits the influx of Na, with water following osmotically. The cell swells, becomes spheroid, and eventually ruptures

A

Colloid osmotic hemolysis

46
Q

Mechanism that extrudes Ca from the RBC

A

Ca2+ ATPase

47
Q

Controls the function of Ca2+ ATPase; a cytoplasmic Ca2+­binding protein

A

Calmodulin

Hematology (7 decks)

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