Ch 9 Articulations Flashcards
How many joints do we have?
230
what is the correct word for doubled jointed
hypermobility
why do some people’s have more ROM (range of motion)
- abnormally shaped ends of one of more bones in a joint
- weak ligaments (due to differences in protein structures, genetics and/ or hormone levels)
- stretched ligaments due to training
- muscle tone can influence ROM of joints (yoga exercise vs. body building)
What are articulations
where 2 bones (joints) interconnects
what is the function of articulations
function:
- hold bones together
- may allow movement
typically at each joint,
- there is a compromise between the need for strength and the need for mobility
*the joints in skull is very tightly jointed = no mobility
what are the two ways to classify joints?
1) structural classification of joints
- based on the structure holding bones together
a. bony fusion
b. fibrous joint
c. cartilaginous
d. synovial joints
2) functional classification of joints
- based on ROM (range of motion)
a. synarthrosis = immovable (fibrous or cartilaginous, may eventually fuse; bony fusion)
b. amphiarthroses = slightly movable (fibrous or cartilaginous)
c. diarthroses = freely movable (synovial)
What are the types of joints based on functional classification?
- synarthroses (immovable)
a) sutures - fibrous
b) gomphoses (plural) - fibrous
c) synchondroses - cartilaginous
d) synostosis - bony fusion - amphiarthroses (slightly movable)
a) syndesmoses - fibrous
b) symphysis - cartilaginous
c) interosseous membrane - fibrous - diarthroses (freely movable)
a) synovial
Explain what synarthorses is
4 types
= immovable (functional classification of joints)
- fibrous or cartilaginous or bone
a)** sutures **consist of dense fibrous connective tissue
(in skull)
b) gomphoses - fibrous CT e.g. peridontal ligament binds teeth to jaws
- found only between the teeth (anchored intot heir sockets within the bony jaws by peridontal ligaments) and their sockets int he mandibel & maxillae
c) synchondroses : rigid bridge of cartilage between two bones
d) synostoses: totally rigid, two bones fused together so that boundary disappaer e.g. ephyphyseal lines (aka epiphyseal plates)
Explain what is amphiarthroses
= slightly immovable (functional classification of the joints)
- callagen fibers or cartilage
a) syndesmoses: bones connected by a ligament (made of collagen) = it is a fibrous joint
e.g. the end of tibia & fibula
b) symphysis: bones separated by a fibrous cartilage pad e.g. the pubic symphysis of hipbones
c) **interosseous membrane **: a lot of cartilage
e.g. between fibula and tibia
What is diarthroses
= freely movable joints
- synovial joints ; complex structure w/ synovial fluids (in the middle)
a) **articular cartilage **
(function) : to prevent bone-bone contact & reduce friction
- resemble hyaline cartilage BUT no perichondrium
- higher wateer content than normal; synovyal fluid produced
by synovial membrane
b) **joint cavity ** (synovial cavity)
(function): very slippery; lubrication/ shock absorber/ provides nutrients to the cartilage (cell servivals)
c) lining the joint cavity **
- articular capsule
- fibrous layer; continous with periosteum of the articulating bones
- synobial membrane
- outer layer of loose (areolar** CT + incomplete)
-* inner layer *of synoviocytes (fibroust-like synoviocytes) and macrophages that does not extend over the articulating parts of the articular cartilage and menisci
d) synovial fluid - fills cavity (in joint cavity)
- secreted by synociocytes of the inner layer “epithelium”
chemical makeup: similar to interstitial fluid w/ high levels of proteoglycans > clear, viscous solution
(functions)
1. lubrication: reduce friction
2. nutrient distribution: from vessels in synovial membrane areolar tissue
3. shock absorption: distribtues shock evenly across articular surfaces
What is synovial membrane made of?
inner and outer layers
articular (hyaline) cartilage/ synovial fluid are protected by synovial membrane that is made of…
- epithelium = inner layer
- areolar tissue (loose CT) = outer layer
- dense irregular tissue (very strong) = the mostouter layer
what are composed inside the membrane:
- capsule
- capillary
- adipocytes
What are in the articular (joint) capsule?
In the articular (joint) capsule:
- fibrous membrane
- synovial membrane
Types of joints
(functional classification) last review
1. synarthroses (immovable)
- fibrous or cartilaginous or bones
A) sutures: dense fibrous CT between the skull bones
b) fomphoses: fibrous CT peridontal ligament binds teeth to jaws
c) synchondroses: epiphyseal cartilage of long bones
d) synostoses: 2 bones fuse, e.g. epiphyseal lines
2. amphiarthroses (slightly movable)
- collagen fibers or cartilages
a) syndesmoses: ligament between tibia & fibula
b) symphsis: fibrous cartilage pad between vertebrae
3. diarthroses (freely movable)
- fibrous articular capsule containing synovial fluid
a) synovial: ends of long bones
Accessory structures of some synovial joints
1) articular discs, or menisci = wedges of fibrocartilages separating the articular surfaces
2) fatty pads between firbous capsule and synovial membrane
3) ligametns: strengthen and support the joint reinforcement
4) additional lubricating structures:
a. bursae: samll, fluid-filled pockets
b. tendon sheath: similar structures, wrapes around joint to limit & support joints ROM
What is articular discs, or manisci
one of the accessory structures (synovial joints)
= wedges of fibrocartilage separating the articular surfaces
(function): channel the flow of synovial fluid
e.g. knee (to stabilize the joint)
What are fatty pads?
one of the accessory structures (synovial joints)
= between firbous capsule and synovial memrbane or bone
- covered with layer of synovial membrane
(e.g. the knee; provides a place to knee to support the weigh of the body)
(functions):
a) protect articulating surfaces
b) packing material: fill in spaces as joint cavity chanages shape
what are the ligaments?
one of the accessory structures (synovial joints)
- strengthen and support the joint reinforcement (Dense regular CT)
e.g. the arm (anular ligament of the radius/ radial collateral ligament)
what are the additional lubricating structures for the accessory structures of synovial joints?
a) bursae
- small, fluid-filled pockets
b) tendon sheath
- similar structure, wraps around joint to limit & support joint’s ROM
e.g. the end of humerus near to cavicle
- subarcrominal bursa
- coracoacromial ligament, coracohumeral lligament, glenohumeral ligament
What are the factors that stabilize synovial joints?
i.e. keep them in aligment
- articular surfaces “shapes”
- **collagen fibers **of the joints capsule & any ligaments present
- presence of other bones, skeletal muscle, fat pads or cartilage
- tension in tendons & muscle contraction muscle tone = moves bones in a specific direction
What is luxation
= dislocation
- bones come out of alignment
results: can tear the capsule wall making the shoulder more prone to future dislocations
- sensory neruons in joint capusle, ligaments, tendons (but not joint cavity)»_space; sense pain
what are the 5 types of dynamic motions
1.** initial position: pencil at right angles to surface
2. gliding movement: pencil remains vertical, but tip moves away from point of origin
3. angular motion: tip remains stationary, but shaft changes angle relative to the surface
4. circumduction: a type of angular motion; tip remains stationary while the shaft, held at an angle less than 90, describes a comple cricle
5. rotation: with tip at same point, the angle of the shaft remains unchanged as the shaft spins aournd its longitudinal axis
6 kinds of synovial joints
the structual classification of synovial joint
1) ball and socket (hip, shoulder)
2) ellipsoidal/ condyloid (metacarpals to phalnges, mandible to tempral)
3) saddle (thumb)
4) hinge (elbow, phalanges)
*bended forward/ backward
5) pivot (radius to ulna, atlas to axis)
*spine to prone/ vice versa
6) plane/ gliding (writst, ankle, vertebral) only few locations
(interverterbla disc)
What is ball and socket joints?
the motion and location
motion allowed: triaxial
- all combinations of angular & rotational movement
e.g. shoulder/ hip (acetabulum of hip bone/ head of femur)
What is ellipsodial/ condyloid joint
the motion and location
motion allowed: biaxial
- oval end one bone fits into depression of another
e.g. radiocarpal joint, metacarpophalangeal 2-5 (where fingers meet palm)
condyloid joint between radius and scaphoid and lunate bones of carpus
*queen’s hand
what is saddle joint
the motion and location
motion allowed: biaxial
- similar to ellipsoid joint, with more range
e.g. base of thumb (saddle joint between trapezium of carpus (wrist) and metacarpal of thumb)
What is hinge joint
the motion and location
Motion allowed: monaxial
- rounded end one bone fits in groove of another
e.g. elbow, knee, between phalanges
(hinge joint between trochlea of humerus and trochelar notch of ulna at the elbow)
What is pivot joint?
the motion and location
motion allowed: monaxial (rotation)
- rounded end one bone fits through lagament attached to the other
e.g. joint between first two vertebrae (atlas, axis), proximal radioulnar joint - shaking your heaaaad
What is gliding joints
the motion and location
motion allowed: monoaxial/multia
= planar joints
e.g. between clavicle and sternum intercarpal and intertarsal
- gliding between intercarpals
- gliding between clavicle and manubrium
Identify the motions for each synovial joint
- ball and socket = triaxial
- ellipsodal/ condyloid joint = biaxial
- saddle joint = biaxial
- hinge joint = monaxial
- pivot joint = monaxial (rotation)
- gliding joint = monoaxial/multia
Identify the examples for each synovial joint
- ball and socket = shoulder/ hip (acetabulum of hip bone/ head of femur)»_space; all combinations of angular & rotational movement
- ellipsodal/ condyloid joint = radiocarpal joint, metacarpophalangeal 2-5 (where fingers meet palm)»_space; oval end one bone fits into depression of another
- saddle joint = base of thumb (saddle joint between trapezium of carpus (wrist) and metacarpal of thumb)»_space; similar to ellipsoid joint, with more range
- hinge joint = elbow, knee, between phalanges
(hinge joint between trochlea of humerus and trochelar notch of ulna at the elbow)»_space; rounded end one bone fits in groove of another - pivot joint = joint between first two vertebrae (atlas, axis), proximal radioulnar joint - shaking your head»_space; rounded end one bone fits through lagament attached to the other
- gliding joint = gliding between intercarpals/ gliding between clavicle and manubrium
The types of angular motion
starting position: always the anatomical position
1) flexion-extension-hyperextention
- flexion: motion in atero-posterior plane, reduces angle between articulating bones
- extension: opposite, returns bones to anatomical position
- hyperextension: extension beyond anatomical position
2) abduction-adduction
- abduction: swing away from the long axis of body
- adduction: opposite, return to anatomical position
Describe what the rotation is
Described with respect to: long axis
lateral rotation of humerus: anterior surface moves away from long axis
medial rotation: anterior moves towards long axis
supination: palm forwards
pronation: palm turns backward
explain what the eversion and inversion are with examples
eversion-inversion
explain what the dorsiflexion and plantar flexion are with examples
the dorsiflexion (ankle flexion) -plantar flexion (ankle extension)
Explain what opposition is with example
explain what the Retraction and protraction are with examples
explain what the depression and elevation are with examples
THe shoulder joint (5)
can be asked in the lab
Ligaments stabilizing the shoulder
1) Coracoclavicular ligaments
2) acromioclavicular ligaments
3) coraco-acromial ligaments
4) coracohumeral ligaments
5) glenohumeral ligaments
- coracoid process: attachment of acromion and clavicle to scapula
The ligaments of the hip joint (3)
can be asked in the lab
reinforcing ligaments
1) pubofemoral ligaments
2) iliofemoral ligaments
3) ischiofemoral ligaments
The elbow joint (2)
can be asked in the lab
1) humeroradial joint
2) humeronulnar joint
3) proximal radio-ulna joint (not part of the elbow joint)
identify 3 kinds of homeostatic imblances of joints
1) sprain = ligaments is stretched or torn
2) cartilage injuries = results of wear & tear, but can occur thorugh injury & trauma
3) dislocation = bones forced out of alignment
Explain what the sprain is
one of the homeostatic imbalances of joints
(grades 1-3)
Sprain:
**- ligament i s stretched or torn **
If *partly *torn, collagen fibers torn & self-repair
if completely torn (grade 3)»_space; joint is unstable»_space; bone may be damaged»_space; may require surgery
Exaplain what the cartilage injuries are
One of the homeostatic imblances of joints
result of wear & tear, but can occur through injury & trauma
- repairs slowly, only red zone is vascularized
- cartilage fragments interfere with joint
sports causing the injury in those cartilage
Explain what Dislocation is
one of the homeostatic imbalnces of joints
= bones forced out of aligment
- can damage the articular cartilages
- can tear ligaments
- can distort the joint capsule
What kinds of inflammatory and degenerative conditions (4)
1) bursitis and tendonitis = inflammation of busa or tendon sheath
2) arthritis = infammatory or degenerative disease in joint
3) osteoarthritis = result of normal wear and tear, usually affects older people
4) rheumatoid arthritis = massive inflammation of synovial membrane, swelling
explain bursistis and tendoitis
= inflammation of busa or tendon sheath
- result of friction, or distortion over a long period
-> wearing tight, pointy shoes
treatment: rest & anti-inflammatories
Explain what arthritis is
= infammatory or degenerative disease in joint
Explain what osteoarthritis is
= result of normal wear and tear, usually affects older people
- articular cartilage becomes damaged/ roughened, breaks down (poor collagen formation)
- bones may rub together, form spurs (e.g. large knuckles) & inflammation slow, progressive
Explain what rheumatoid arthritis is
= autoimmune disease, may be triggered by bacteria/ virus infection or other causes (e.g. genetics - may be hereditary)
- massive inflammation of synovial membrane, swelling
- scar tissue forms on articular surfaces, synovial membrane may *ossify *
