Ch 9 Articulations

Question 1

How many joints do we have?

Answer 1

230

Question 2

what is the correct word for doubled jointed

Answer 2

hypermobility

Question 3

why do some people’s have more ROM (range of motion)

Answer 3

1. abnormally shaped ends of one of more bones in a joint
2. weak ligaments (due to differences in protein structures, genetics and/ or hormone levels)
3. stretched ligaments due to training
4. muscle tone can influence ROM of joints (yoga exercise vs. body building)

Question 4

What are articulations

Answer 4

where 2 bones (joints) interconnects

Question 5

what is the function of articulations

Answer 5

function:
- hold bones together
- may allow movement

typically at each joint,
- there is a compromise between the need for strength and the need for mobility
*the joints in skull is very tightly jointed = no mobility

Question 6

what are the two ways to classify joints?

Answer 6

1) structural classification of joints
- based on the structure holding bones together
a. bony fusion
b. fibrous joint
c. cartilaginous
d. synovial joints

2) functional classification of joints
- based on ROM (range of motion)
a. synarthrosis = immovable (fibrous or cartilaginous, may eventually fuse; bony fusion)
b. amphiarthroses = slightly movable (fibrous or cartilaginous)
c. diarthroses = freely movable (synovial)

Question 7

What are the types of joints based on functional classification?

Answer 7

1. synarthroses (immovable)
   a) sutures - fibrous
   b) gomphoses (plural) - fibrous
   c) synchondroses - cartilaginous
   d) synostosis - bony fusion
2. amphiarthroses (slightly movable)
   a) syndesmoses - fibrous
   b) symphysis - cartilaginous
   c) interosseous membrane - fibrous
3. diarthroses (freely movable)
   a) synovial

Question 8

Explain what synarthorses is

4 types

Answer 8

= immovable (functional classification of joints)
- fibrous or cartilaginous or bone
a)** sutures **consist of dense fibrous connective tissue
(in skull)

b) gomphoses - fibrous CT e.g. peridontal ligament binds teeth to jaws
- found only between the teeth (anchored intot heir sockets within the bony jaws by peridontal ligaments) and their sockets int he mandibel & maxillae

c) synchondroses : rigid bridge of cartilage between two bones

d) synostoses: totally rigid, two bones fused together so that boundary disappaer e.g. ephyphyseal lines (aka epiphyseal plates)

Question 9

Explain what is amphiarthroses

Answer 9

= slightly immovable (functional classification of the joints)
- callagen fibers or cartilage

a) syndesmoses: bones connected by a ligament (made of collagen) = it is a fibrous joint
e.g. the end of tibia & fibula

b) symphysis: bones separated by a fibrous cartilage pad e.g. the pubic symphysis of hipbones

c) **interosseous membrane **: a lot of cartilage
e.g. between fibula and tibia

Question 10

What is diarthroses

Answer 10

= freely movable joints
- synovial joints ; complex structure w/ synovial fluids (in the middle)

a) **articular cartilage **
(function) : to prevent bone-bone contact & reduce friction
- resemble hyaline cartilage BUT no perichondrium
- higher wateer content than normal; synovyal fluid produced
by synovial membrane

b) **joint cavity ** (synovial cavity)
(function): very slippery; lubrication/ shock absorber/ provides nutrients to the cartilage (cell servivals)

c) lining the joint cavity **
- articular capsule
- fibrous layer; continous with periosteum of the articulating bones
- synobial membrane
- outer layer of loose (areolar** CT + incomplete)
-* inner layer *of synoviocytes (fibroust-like synoviocytes) and macrophages that does not extend over the articulating parts of the articular cartilage and menisci

d) synovial fluid - fills cavity (in joint cavity)
- secreted by synociocytes of the inner layer “epithelium”

chemical makeup: similar to interstitial fluid w/ high levels of proteoglycans > clear, viscous solution
(functions)
1. lubrication: reduce friction
2. nutrient distribution: from vessels in synovial membrane areolar tissue
3. shock absorption: distribtues shock evenly across articular surfaces

Question 11

What is synovial membrane made of?

inner and outer layers

Answer 11

articular (hyaline) cartilage/ synovial fluid are protected by synovial membrane that is made of…
- epithelium = inner layer
- areolar tissue (loose CT) = outer layer
- dense irregular tissue (very strong) = the mostouter layer

what are composed inside the membrane:
- capsule
- capillary
- adipocytes

Question 12

What are in the articular (joint) capsule?

Answer 12

In the articular (joint) capsule:
- fibrous membrane
- synovial membrane

Question 13

Types of joints

(functional classification) last review

Answer 13

1. synarthroses (immovable)
- fibrous or cartilaginous or bones
A) sutures: dense fibrous CT between the skull bones
b) fomphoses: fibrous CT peridontal ligament binds teeth to jaws
c) synchondroses: epiphyseal cartilage of long bones
d) synostoses: 2 bones fuse, e.g. epiphyseal lines

2. amphiarthroses (slightly movable)
- collagen fibers or cartilages
a) syndesmoses: ligament between tibia & fibula
b) symphsis: fibrous cartilage pad between vertebrae

3. diarthroses (freely movable)
- fibrous articular capsule containing synovial fluid
a) synovial: ends of long bones

Question 14

Accessory structures of some synovial joints

Answer 14

1) articular discs, or menisci = wedges of fibrocartilages separating the articular surfaces
2) fatty pads between firbous capsule and synovial membrane
3) ligametns: strengthen and support the joint reinforcement
4) additional lubricating structures:
a. bursae: samll, fluid-filled pockets
b. tendon sheath: similar structures, wrapes around joint to limit & support joints ROM

Question 15

What is articular discs, or manisci

Answer 15

one of the accessory structures (synovial joints)
= wedges of fibrocartilage separating the articular surfaces
(function): channel the flow of synovial fluid
e.g. knee (to stabilize the joint)

Question 16

What are fatty pads?

Answer 16

one of the accessory structures (synovial joints)
= between firbous capsule and synovial memrbane or bone
- covered with layer of synovial membrane
(e.g. the knee; provides a place to knee to support the weigh of the body)

(functions):
a) protect articulating surfaces
b) packing material: fill in spaces as joint cavity chanages shape

Question 17

what are the ligaments?

Answer 17

one of the accessory structures (synovial joints)
- strengthen and support the joint reinforcement (Dense regular CT)
e.g. the arm (anular ligament of the radius/ radial collateral ligament)

Question 18

what are the additional lubricating structures for the accessory structures of synovial joints?

Answer 18

a) bursae
- small, fluid-filled pockets
b) tendon sheath
- similar structure, wraps around joint to limit & support joint’s ROM

e.g. the end of humerus near to cavicle
- subarcrominal bursa
- coracoacromial ligament, coracohumeral lligament, glenohumeral ligament

Question 19

What are the factors that stabilize synovial joints?

i.e. keep them in aligment

Answer 19

1. articular surfaces “shapes”
2. **collagen fibers **of the joints capsule & any ligaments present
3. presence of other bones, skeletal muscle, fat pads or cartilage
4. tension in tendons & muscle contraction muscle tone = moves bones in a specific direction

Question 20

What is luxation

Answer 20

= dislocation
- bones come out of alignment

results: can tear the capsule wall making the shoulder more prone to future dislocations
- sensory neruons in joint capusle, ligaments, tendons (but not joint cavity)&raquo_space; sense pain

Question 21

what are the 5 types of dynamic motions

Answer 21

1.** initial position: pencil at right angles to surface
2. gliding movement: pencil remains vertical, but tip moves away from point of origin
3. angular motion: tip remains stationary, but shaft changes angle relative to the surface
4. circumduction: a type of angular motion; tip remains stationary while the shaft, held at an angle less than 90, describes a comple cricle
5. rotation: with tip at same point, the angle of the shaft remains unchanged as the shaft spins aournd its longitudinal axis

Question 22

6 kinds of synovial joints

the structual classification of synovial joint

Answer 22

1) ball and socket (hip, shoulder)
2) ellipsoidal/ condyloid (metacarpals to phalnges, mandible to tempral)
3) saddle (thumb)
4) hinge (elbow, phalanges)
*bended forward/ backward
5) pivot (radius to ulna, atlas to axis)
*spine to prone/ vice versa
6) plane/ gliding (writst, ankle, vertebral) only few locations
(interverterbla disc)

Question 23

What is ball and socket joints?

the motion and location

Answer 23

motion allowed: triaxial
- all combinations of angular & rotational movement

e.g. shoulder/ hip (acetabulum of hip bone/ head of femur)

Question 24

What is ellipsodial/ condyloid joint

the motion and location

Answer 24

motion allowed: biaxial
- oval end one bone fits into depression of another

e.g. radiocarpal joint, metacarpophalangeal 2-5 (where fingers meet palm)

condyloid joint between radius and scaphoid and lunate bones of carpus

*queen’s hand

Question 25

what is saddle joint

the motion and location

Answer 25

motion allowed: biaxial
- similar to ellipsoid joint, with more range

e.g. base of thumb (saddle joint between trapezium of carpus (wrist) and metacarpal of thumb)

Question 26

What is hinge joint

the motion and location

Answer 26

Motion allowed: monaxial
- rounded end one bone fits in groove of another

e.g. elbow, knee, between phalanges
(hinge joint between trochlea of humerus and trochelar notch of ulna at the elbow)

Question 27

What is pivot joint?

the motion and location

Answer 27

motion allowed: monaxial (rotation)
- rounded end one bone fits through lagament attached to the other

e.g. joint between first two vertebrae (atlas, axis), proximal radioulnar joint - shaking your heaaaad

Question 28

What is gliding joints

the motion and location

Answer 28

motion allowed: monoaxial/multia
= planar joints

e.g. between clavicle and sternum intercarpal and intertarsal
- gliding between intercarpals
- gliding between clavicle and manubrium

Question 29

Identify the motions for each synovial joint

Answer 29

1. ball and socket = triaxial
2. ellipsodal/ condyloid joint = biaxial
3. saddle joint = biaxial
4. hinge joint = monaxial
5. pivot joint = monaxial (rotation)
6. gliding joint = monoaxial/multia

Question 30

Identify the examples for each synovial joint

Answer 30

1. ball and socket = shoulder/ hip (acetabulum of hip bone/ head of femur)&raquo_space; all combinations of angular & rotational movement
2. ellipsodal/ condyloid joint = radiocarpal joint, metacarpophalangeal 2-5 (where fingers meet palm)&raquo_space; oval end one bone fits into depression of another
3. saddle joint = base of thumb (saddle joint between trapezium of carpus (wrist) and metacarpal of thumb)&raquo_space; similar to ellipsoid joint, with more range
4. hinge joint = elbow, knee, between phalanges
   (hinge joint between trochlea of humerus and trochelar notch of ulna at the elbow)&raquo_space; rounded end one bone fits in groove of another
5. pivot joint = joint between first two vertebrae (atlas, axis), proximal radioulnar joint - shaking your head&raquo_space; rounded end one bone fits through lagament attached to the other
6. gliding joint = gliding between intercarpals/ gliding between clavicle and manubrium

Question 31

The types of angular motion

Answer 31

starting position: always the anatomical position
1) flexion-extension-hyperextention
- flexion: motion in atero-posterior plane, reduces angle between articulating bones
- extension: opposite, returns bones to anatomical position
- hyperextension: extension beyond anatomical position

2) abduction-adduction
- abduction: swing away from the long axis of body
- adduction: opposite, return to anatomical position

Question 32

Describe what the rotation is

Answer 32

Described with respect to: long axis
lateral rotation of humerus: anterior surface moves away from long axis
medial rotation: anterior moves towards long axis
supination: palm forwards
pronation: palm turns backward

Question 33

explain what the eversion and inversion are with examples

Answer 33

eversion-inversion

Question 34

explain what the dorsiflexion and plantar flexion are with examples

Answer 34

the dorsiflexion (ankle flexion) -plantar flexion (ankle extension)

Question 35

Explain what opposition is with example

Question 36

explain what the Retraction and protraction are with examples

Question 37

explain what the depression and elevation are with examples

Question 38

THe shoulder joint (5)

can be asked in the lab

Answer 38

Ligaments stabilizing the shoulder
1) Coracoclavicular ligaments
2) acromioclavicular ligaments
3) coraco-acromial ligaments
4) coracohumeral ligaments
5) glenohumeral ligaments

• coracoid process: attachment of acromion and clavicle to scapula

Question 39

The ligaments of the hip joint (3)

can be asked in the lab

Answer 39

reinforcing ligaments
1) pubofemoral ligaments
2) iliofemoral ligaments
3) ischiofemoral ligaments

Question 40

The elbow joint (2)

can be asked in the lab

Answer 40

1) humeroradial joint
2) humeronulnar joint
3) proximal radio-ulna joint (not part of the elbow joint)

Question 41

identify 3 kinds of homeostatic imblances of joints

Answer 41

1) sprain = ligaments is stretched or torn
2) cartilage injuries = results of wear & tear, but can occur thorugh injury & trauma
3) dislocation = bones forced out of alignment

Question 42

Explain what the sprain is

Answer 42

one of the homeostatic imbalances of joints
(grades 1-3)
Sprain:
**- ligament i s stretched or torn **

If *partly *torn, collagen fibers torn & self-repair
if completely torn (grade 3)&raquo_space; joint is unstable&raquo_space; bone may be damaged&raquo_space; may require surgery

Question 43

Exaplain what the cartilage injuries are

Answer 43

One of the homeostatic imblances of joints
result of wear & tear, but can occur through injury & trauma
- repairs slowly, only red zone is vascularized
- cartilage fragments interfere with joint

sports causing the injury in those cartilage

Question 44

Explain what Dislocation is

Answer 44

one of the homeostatic imbalnces of joints

= bones forced out of aligment
- can damage the articular cartilages
- can tear ligaments
- can distort the joint capsule

Question 45

What kinds of inflammatory and degenerative conditions (4)

Answer 45

1) bursitis and tendonitis = inflammation of busa or tendon sheath
2) arthritis = infammatory or degenerative disease in joint
3) osteoarthritis = result of normal wear and tear, usually affects older people
4) rheumatoid arthritis = massive inflammation of synovial membrane, swelling

Question 46

explain bursistis and tendoitis

Answer 46

= inflammation of busa or tendon sheath
- result of friction, or distortion over a long period
-> wearing tight, pointy shoes

treatment: rest & anti-inflammatories

Question 47

Explain what arthritis is

Answer 47

= infammatory or degenerative disease in joint

Question 48

Explain what osteoarthritis is

Answer 48

= result of normal wear and tear, usually affects older people
- articular cartilage becomes damaged/ roughened, breaks down (poor collagen formation)
- bones may rub together, form spurs (e.g. large knuckles) & inflammation slow, progressive

Question 49

Explain what rheumatoid arthritis is

Answer 49

= autoimmune disease, may be triggered by bacteria/ virus infection or other causes (e.g. genetics - may be hereditary)
- massive inflammation of synovial membrane, swelling
- scar tissue forms on articular surfaces, synovial membrane may *ossify *