Ch 9 Flashcards
During exhalation in mammals ____ of the diaphragm decreases the volume of the chest cavity and ____ pressure in the lungs
Relaxation
Increases
In the following pairs, compare the oxygen binding affinity of the blood (hemoglobin) at a PO2 of 40 mm Hg. In which pair does the first have a lower oxygen affinity than the second
Smaller mammal species
Larger mammal species
Frogs and toads use _____ to ventilate their lungs
A buffalo force pump
The Bohr effect is important for facilitating the _____ of oxygen at _____ capillaries
Unloading
Systemic
Carbonic anhydrase is important for _____
Formation of bicarbonate ions
Facilitating release of O2 at tissues
Transport of CO2 in blood
ALL OF THE ABOVE
In response to hypoxia (ex living at high altitude) hematocrit levels would _____ and myoglobin levels would ______
Increase
Increase
A decrease in ______ would decrease the oxygen binding affinity of hemoglobin
pH
Compared to humans living at low altitude, the blood of people acclimatized to living at high altitude has ______ affinity for oxygen (at the oxygen partial pressures found in systemic capillaries) that results from ______ levels of organic phosphates
Lower
Higher
Term that refers to the release of oxygen from hemoglobin is
Unloading
The respiratory pigment of Arthropods that contains copper and turns blue when oxygenated is _____
Hemocyanin
Primary organic phosphate in mammal blood that reduces oxygen affinity of hemoglobin is
Diphosphoglycerate
Phrase that describes an oxygen dissociation curve for hemoglobin with a decreased oxygen affinity is
Shift to the right
The hemoglobin of small mammals has ______ of a Bohr shift (effect) in part because they have ______ carbonic anhydrase
More
More
Hyperventilation produces carbon dioxide levels in the blood to _____ and blood pH to _____ and this state is referred to as respiratory _____
Decrease
Increase
Alkalosis
Chemoreceptors that detect changes in ____ of blood are located in the ______
pH
Carotid and aortic arteries
Changes in levels of _____ in the blood is the primary regulator of changes in ventilation for animals jay are
Carbon dioxide
Air breathers
Mammals adapted to life at high altitude breathed air with a _____ partial pressure of oxygen. Such mammals typically exhibit a _____ affinity of their hemoglobin for oxygen in comparison to mammals adapted to life at low altitude
Lower
Higher
Acids ______ the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen and their relationship is referred to as the _____ effect
Decrease
Root
Typical varies for tidal volume and vital capacity in humans are _____ ml respectively
500
4500
The secretion of _____ from type 2 alveolar cells and a ______ intrapleural pressure in the pleural sac (compared to the atmospheric pressure) help to keep the lungs expanded (I.e. Retard the collapse of alveoli)
Surfactant
Negative
An increase in temp causes a shift the _____ for the oxygen dissociation curve because the affinity between hemoglobin and oxygen ______ at higher temp
Right
Decreases
Terrestrial crustaceans (e.g. Isopods) use _____ for respiration
Gills
Two pump (buccaneers and opercular) ventilation occurs in _____
Teleost fishes
In toads the primary surface for exchange of oxygen is the ______ at low temperature (5 C) and the ____ at high temperature (>14 C). Regardless of temperature the primary surface exchange of carbon dioxide is the ____
Skin
Lungs
Skin
