CH. 9 Flashcards
What was the historical context of the time of the crusades?
- the middle ages/medieval times
- feudalism
What was Europe’s population broken into?
1) clergy
2) nobility
3) peasantry
How did Islam become a threat?
- rise of the seljuk turks and their defeat of the byzantine army in the battle of manzikert
What are the two factors of the church wanting unification?
- the threat of islam
- the heretical situation involving Europe
What were the crusades and military orders the answer to? What was the inquisition the answer to?
- crusades and military orders = unification of Europe and external threats
- inquisition = internal threats
What were the crusades?
- wars of religious character
- a series of 8 expansive military expedition taken by Christians between 1096 to 1270 in the Holy Land and Spain against Muslim expansion
What parts of the Christian world did Islamic forces seize?
- Palestine, Egypt, Asia Minor, North Africa
How was Muslim expansion halted from europe?
- Charles Martel’s defense of WE and Byzantine’s of the East
Who organized the first crusade?
In 1095, Pope Urban II held a council in France to organize the first crusade as an assault in defense of Christian europe
What did the Crusades combine?
- the concept of a defensive war with religious pilgrimage
- seen as acts of religious devotion by the Christians
What were the 2 spiritual and 3 temporal motivations behind the Crusades
spiritual:
1) indulgences
2) prolonged penance
temporal:
1) the reduction of taxes
2) dissolving of debt
3) protection of the crusader’s families
Whose preaching inspired thousands to join the crusade, sometimes convincing entire parishes to set out to east?
St. bernard of Clairvaux
Who else traveled cities preaching for a crusade?
Peter the Hermit of Amiens
Which crusade was considered the best organized? How was this crusade organized?
- the first crusade
- armies divided into 4 groups to meet at Constantinople and began their campaign in 1097
What are the significant events in the first crusade?
- besieged Nicaea
- took Antioich
- Jersualm fell
Why were the 1st crusaders successful in taking Jersualem?
- Muslim politics were not unified, so the Turks had only just risen to power and did not have total control over the land
Who kept direct control of the Kingdom of Jerusalem?
Godfrey of Bouillon and Baldwin
Why was it difficult to maintain control over Jerusalem?
1) european crusaders left and returned to Europe; only several stayed but this was not enough
2) diversity of soldiers and pilgrims made it hard to control people of diff faiths and cultures
3) organizing a government of diff peoples was not easy
What were the events of the 2nd crusade?
- in 1144, the Turks recaptured the city of Edessa
- King Louis of France and Emperor Conrad II of Germany set out to capture Damascus, but failed and were forced to retreat
Which crusade is the most famous and why?
- 3rd crusade
-for providing background of the robin hood stories
what 3 european kings set out against the Turks who was unified under which great military leader?
- Richard of England, Philip of France, and Frederick of Barbarossa who were unified under Saladin
What did the 4th crusade result in that ruined the East and West relationship?
- the sacking of Constantinople
What was the “Children’s Crusade” and how did it end?
- children were caught up in the popular crusade movements
- it ended with most dead and none having made it to the holy land as those who did survive were captured and sold into slavery
How long did Christians have the holy land?
- from 1099 in the 1st crusade to 1291
- almost 200 years
What did military orders combine? What were the warrior monks bound with?
- both military and religious life emphasizing dedication, discipline, and monastic organization
What were the 3 oldest and famous orders?
1) knights templar
2) knights hospitalers
3) teutonic knights
Which was the eldest of the 3 orders? Who founded it? What was its real name?
- knights templar
- a group of 9 french knights
- the poor brothers of the temple of Jerusalem
Who wrote a rule for them based on Cistercian rule?
bernard of clairvaux
What role did the Knights templar assume? How did they become so rich?
- safeguarding western money that flowed to the east
- they protected the treasury of the crusades and became bankers in europe
When was the Knights Hospitalers founded? What is its real name? What is its vocation?
- 1130
- the Knights of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem
- the defense of Jerusalem and served as medical corps to the crusaders
Where did the Knights Hospitalers go after the fall of Jerusalem in 1291
- they went to the island of Rhodes
- they had rhodes for 200 years before the Turks captured it in 1523
Where did the Knights Hospitalers go after the capture of rhodes? What did they become there?
- the island of malta
- the knights of malta
what order was formed when crusaders from Germany joined with the members of the german hospital in Jerusalem
- knights teutonic
the knights remained until the ____ century and why did they dissolve?
- 16th century
- because their grand master Albert of Hohenzollern abandoned Catholicism and became a Lutheran grand duke of Prussia
What did the Inquisition began as a response to?
- response to Albigensianism, a heresey that saw the soul as good and the body as evil
What was Albigensianism’s radical asceticism driven by?
- their belief in the evil war, physical pleasure, and matter
What were the beliefs of Albigensianism?
1) two gods
2) rejected mass, sacraments, eccelestial authority
3) hated the world, Christians, etc.
4) forbade marriage and proceation but allowed homosexual relations
5) advocated for suicide as a way to obtain religious purity
What two orders were oppointed as papal inquisitors?
- dominicans and franciscans because of their theological training and religious formation
What were the qualities of a good inquisition judge?
zealous in protecting and promoting
1) the faith
2) the salvation of souls
3) extermination of heresy
