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PSYC 450 > ch 9-12 > Flashcards

ch 9-12 Flashcards

1
Q

abstinence syndrome

A

condition characterized by unpleasant symptoms after stopping drug use (withdrawal)

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2
Q

allostasis

A
  • adaptive biological process
  • response to repeated threats/challenges results in long lasting physiological/ behavioural changes
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3
Q

anhedonia

A

inability or difficulty to feel joy/pleasure

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4
Q

antireward system

A
  • brain system recruited during addictive stage
  • controlled to compulsive use of drug
  • amygdala (NE, CRF)
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5
Q

behavioral addiction

A

uncontrollable behaviors not involving substance use but similar to that seen in substance related disorders

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6
Q

biopsychosocial model

A

model of addiction attempting to incorporate all factors

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7
Q

breaking point

A

point at which an organism stops fighting for the reward

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8
Q

candidate gene analysis

A

analysis of a gene that might be involved with a certain disease

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9
Q

common disease-common variant hypothesis

A

risk of neuropsychiatric disorders stems from a pool of “risky genes” common in pop.
(each risky allele means increased risk of developing said disease)

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10
Q

common disease-rare variant hypothesis

A

risk of neuropsychiatric disorders come from rare mutations/genetic anomalies

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11
Q

comorbidity

A

simultaneous but distinct disease processes

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12
Q

contingency management

A

treatment of addictions where abstinence from drug is traded for vouchers (services, money etc)

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13
Q

craving

A

strong urge to take drug

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14
Q

disease model

A

treat addiction as a disease

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15
Q

drug detoxification

A

removing drug entirely from body and undergoes withdrawal

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16
Q

drug priming

A

delivery of small dose of drug to elicit drug-seeking behavior

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17
Q

drug reward

A

motivating subjective response to drug (euphoria)

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18
Q

∆FosB

A
  • Fos family of transcription factors
  • protein accumulates in some brain areas after repeated exposure to certain drugs
  • contributes to development of addicted state
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19
Q

electrical self-stimulation

A

animal self administers a weak electric shock to specific brain area due to its reinforcing effects

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20
Q

executive function

A

higher order functioning like planning, decision making etc. (largely involves PFC)

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21
Q

gateway theory

A

use of certain drugs of abuse increases risk of progressing to other substances

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22
Q

genome wide association studies (GWAS)

A

comparing incidence of SNPs and DNA variants in control vs disease group

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23
Q

heritability

A

contribution of genetics to variability of a trait

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24
Q

incentive salience

A
  • psychological process
  • drug related stimuli gain increased prominence and attractiveness
  • important component of incentive- sensitization model of addiction
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25
Q

incentive sensitization theory

A

repeated drug use increases want for the drug but no increase in liking the drug
(more craving, but no change in reward, bc neural system underlying wanting becomes sensitized)

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26
Q

linkage analysis

A

genetic analysis of chromosomal regions associated w a disorder

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27
Q

moral model

A

treats addiction as moral and personal problem

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28
Q

natural recovery

A

recovery from addiction w/o treatment

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29
Q

neuroadaptations

A

changes in brain functioning compensating for effects of repeated use

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30
Q

opponent-process model

A

model of addiction where initial positive response to drug is followed by opposing withdrawal response

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31
Q

place conditioning

A

pavlovian conditioning resting reward effects

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32
Q

positive reinforcers

A

smth provided to an organism that increases strength of response to obtain the item (self-admin drug studies)

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33
Q

progressive ratio procedure

A

method to measure relative power of drug reinforcement by increasing response to reward ratio

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34
Q

reinstatement of drug seeking

A

restoration of a behavior to obtain drug

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35
Q

relapse

A

recurrences of drug use after a period of abstinence

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36
Q

remissions

A

period where an addict is drug free

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37
Q

reward circuit

A

circuit of neurons mediating rewarding effects

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38
Q

schedule of controlled substances

A
  • system established by substance control act of 1970
  • classifies substances with abuse potential into 5 schedules
    schedules 1 and 2 are the strictest
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39
Q

self-medication hypothesis

A

theory that addiction is based on an effort to treat oneself for mood and ill feelings

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40
Q

shared etiology

A

multiple disorders caused by the same set of factors

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41
Q

single nucleotide polymorphisms

A

allele variations in a single nucleotide of a gene
(differ from mutations as they have at least 1% prevalence)

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42
Q

substance induced disorders

A

DSM designations of disorders caused by ingestion of a substance

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43
Q

substance related disorders

A

DSM category including substance induced disorders and substance use disorders

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44
Q

substance use disorders

A

DSM designation for psychiatric disorders associated w addiction

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45
Q

acamprosate (Campral)

A

partial antagonist of NMDA receptor to treat alcoholism

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46
Q

acute tolerance

A

rapid tolerance formed after single use of drug (like alcohol)

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47
Q

alcohol dehydrogenase

A

enzyme in liver and stomach that oxidizes alcohol into acetaldehyde

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48
Q

alcohol induced cirrhosis

A

scar tissue formation promoting cell death as scar tissue cuts off blood supply

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49
Q

alcohol induced hepatitis

A

death of liver cells, characterized by inflammation of the liver, pain, jaundice, fever

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50
Q

alcohol poisoning

A

toxic effects of ingesting excess alcohol
- unconsciousness, vomiting, irregular breathing, cold and clammy skin

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51
Q

alcohol use disorder

A

compulsive alcohol seeking despite damaging social and health effects

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52
Q

association analysis

A

whether a particular genetic polymorphism is associated w a disease or trait

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53
Q

behavioural tolerance

A

reduced effectiveness of a drug administered chronically involving learning (instrumental, classical conditioning)

54
Q

binge drinking

A

consumption 5+ drinks within 2h

55
Q

blackout

A

amnesia associated w heavy alcohol consumption

56
Q

blood alcohol concentration

A

alcohol in blood as a percent (mg/100 mL)

57
Q

case-control method

A

technique used to identify genes associated w a disorder
- comparing affected to unaffected genomes

58
Q

CRF1 antagonists

A

drug binds to CRF1 receptors producing no conformational change

59
Q

cross dependence

A

withdrawal occurring across same drug class

60
Q

cross tolerance

A

tolerance across same drug class

61
Q

cytochrome P450

A

liver enzyme responsible for phase 1 and phase 2 of biotransformation of psychoactive drugs

62
Q

delirium tremens

A

severe effect of alcohol withdrawal
- irritability, headache, agitation, hallucinations, confusion

63
Q

detoxification

A

getting all drugs out of body, going through abstinence syndrome

64
Q

disulfiram (antabuse)

A

drug treating alcoholism by causing build up of toxic metabolites (producing illness after ingestion)

65
Q

expectancy

A

describe anticipated effects of drug action

66
Q

fatty liver

A

damaging effect of alcohol
- accumulation of triglycerides inside liver cells

67
Q

fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD)

A

cluster of developmental disorders cause by prenatal exposure to alcohol

68
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

A

damaging effects of prenatal exposure to alcohol

69
Q

genome wide association studies (GWAS)

A

compares SNPs and copy number variants in DNA samples from affected and unaffected people

70
Q

hangover

A

effect of heavy alcohol consumption that may be a sign of withdrawal, acute toxicity, or body unregulation

71
Q

induction

A
  1. increase in liver enzymes (repeated drug use)
  2. psychostimulant sensitization by means of activation glutamate NMDA (and sometimes D1) receptors
72
Q

linkage studies

A

method used to locate genes responsible for a disorder

73
Q

metabolic tolerance

A

reduced amount of drug available at target tissue as a result of faster drug metabolism

74
Q

microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS)

A

cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP2E1 that metabolizes ethanol

75
Q

nalmefene

A

a dual k/u opioid antagonist effective in reducing lever pressing in rodent studies

76
Q

naltrexone

A

u receptor antagonist that reduces consumption and craving

77
Q

pharmacodynamic tolerance

A

changes in nerve cell functions in response to continued presence of a drug

78
Q

pharmacotherapeutic treatment

A

uses drugs to modify a clinical condition

79
Q

physical dependence

A

need for drug (withdrawal will happen)

80
Q

psychosocial rehab

A

counseling, educating user and promoting behavioral change

81
Q

tolerance

A

decreased response to drug as result of repeated exposure

82
Q

u receptor

A

subtype of opioid receptor
- found in brain and spinal cord
- high affinity for morphine and other opiates

83
Q

δ receptors

A

subtype of opioid receptor
- forebrain
- regulates olfaction, motor integration, reinforcement and cognitive function

84
Q

anesthetics

A
  • depress CNS
  • decrease all sensations causing unconsciousness
  • prevents pain signals by blocking Na+ channels
85
Q

buprenorphine (buprenex)

A
  • opioid agonist-antagonist
  • opioid treatment programs
  • substituted for methadone due to less side effects and yields similar treatment results
86
Q

clonidine

A
  • a2 adrenergic agonist
  • stimulates autoreceptors and inhibits noradrenergic cell firing
  • reduces symptoms of opioid withdrawal
87
Q

descending modular pathways

A
  • bundles of nerve fibers coming from higher brain region that influence lower brain and spinal cord
  • one arises in PAG in midbrain (influences pain signals carried by spinal cord neurons)
88
Q

endomorphins

A
  • endogenous opioid peptides in CNS
  • selectively bind to opioid receptor to eliminate pain
89
Q

endorphins

A
  • endogenous peptides in brain that stimulate u and δ opioid receptors
  • reduces pain and enhances mood
90
Q

methadone

A
  • long lasting opioid drug that may be substituted for other opioids in order to prevent withdrawal symptoms
91
Q

methadone maintenance program

A
  • most effective treatment for opioid addicts
  • prevents withdrawal and cravings
92
Q

multidimensional approach

A

combination of methods to prevent drug relapse
- detoxification, pharmacological support, counselling

93
Q

narcotic analgesics

A
  • class of drugs derived from opium poppy
  • reduces pain, does not cause unconsciousness
  • relaxation
94
Q

NOP-R

A
  • subtype of opioid receptor
  • widely distributed in the CNS and PNS
  • activated by neuropeptide nociceptin/ orphaninFQ
95
Q

partial agonists

A
  • drugs bind to a receptor but have low efficacy
  • weaker biological effects than full agonist
  • act as agonists and antagonists depending on receptor
96
Q

prodynorphin

A
  • one of 4 large opioid propeptide precursors
  • broken down by proteases to form smaller active opioids (dynorphins) in the brain
97
Q

proenkaphalin

A
  • one of 4 large opioid propeptide precursors
  • broken down by proteases to form smaller active opioids (enkaphalins) in the brain
98
Q

pronociceptin/orphanin FQ

A
  • one of 4 large opioid propeptide precursors
  • broken down by proteases to form smaller active opioids (nociceptin, orphanin FQ) in the brain
99
Q

pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)

A
  • one of 4 large opioid propeptide precursors
  • broken down by proteases to form smaller active opioids (endorphins) in the brain
100
Q

pure antagonists

A
  • drug that produces no pharmacological activity
  • can prevent or reverse effects of agonists. by occupying the receptor site
101
Q

receptor cloning

A
  • process used to produce large amounts of identical receptor proteins in a cell line
102
Q

sensitization

A
  • enhanced response to particular drug after repeated exposure
103
Q

spinal interneurons

A
  • nerve cells with short axons in spinal cord
104
Q

supraspinal

A
  • located above the spinal cord/spine
105
Q

transfection

A
  • process used to induce genetic material into a cell by injecting it with a DNA sequence coding for the desired protein product
106
Q

triggers

A
  • classically conditioned cues associated with drug taking that cause craving
107
Q

amphetamine

A
  • psychostimulant that increases catecholamine release
108
Q

benzoylecgonine

A
  • major metabolite of cocaine
109
Q

cathinone

A
  • psychostimulant that is the primary active ingredient in khat
110
Q

cocaethylene

A
  • metabolite of interaction b/w cocaine and alcohol
  • similar effects of cocaine
111
Q

cocaine

A
  • stimulant blocks reuptake of DA, NE, and 5HT
  • increasing [c] in synaptic cleft
112
Q

cocaine binges

A
  • periods of cocaine use lasting hours or days with little/no sleep
113
Q

cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

A
  • psychotherapy treating drug addiction by restructuring user’s thought processes
  • training to avoid high risk situations
  • coping mechanisms
114
Q

crack

A
  • form of cocaine
  • adding baking soda to cocaine HCl
115
Q

drug seeking behavior

A
  • performance of an operant response (such as lever press) with expectation of receiving drug dose
116
Q

ephedrine

A
  • psychostimulant that is a constituent of herb ephedra vulgaris
117
Q

expression

A
  • process that leads to manifestation of sensitized response
  • requires enhanced reactivity of DA nerve terminals in NAcc
118
Q

focused stereotypies

A
  • behaviors produced by high doses of psychostimulants
  • characterized by repetitve and aimless mvmt
119
Q

freebasing

A
  • smoking the freebase form of cocaine obtained by dissolving cocaine HCl in water, adding alkaline solution, extracting with an organic solvent
120
Q

incubation

A
  • time dependent increase in drug craving/seeking behavior during abstinence
121
Q

MDPV

A
  • cathinone derivative
  • abused stimulant
  • “bath salts”
122
Q

mephedrone

A
  • cathinone derivative
  • abused stimulant drug
  • also part of class “bath salts”
123
Q

methamphetamine

A
  • psychostimulant that increases catecholamine release
  • can cause neurotoxicity at high doses
124
Q

methylone

A
  • cathinone derivative
  • abused stimulant drug
  • part of “bath salts” class
125
Q

methylphenidate (ritalin)

A
  • synthetic psychostimulant used to treat ADHD
126
Q

modafinil (provigil)

A
  • synthetic psychostimulant to treat narcolepsy, disordered sleep (shift work), and sleep apnea
127
Q

psychomotor stimulants

A
  • class of drugs producing strong sensorimotor activation
  • increased alertness, heightened arousal, behavioral excitation
128
Q

psychosocial treatment programs

A
  • counseling involving educating the user, promoting behavioral change
129
Q

α-PVP

A
  • cathinone derivative
  • abused stimulant drug
  • also part of “bath salts”
130
Q

relapse prevention therapy

A
  • treatment program for drug abusers
  • how to avoid and cope high risk situations
131
Q

reverse tolerance (sensitization)

A
  • enhanced response to a particular drug after repeated exposure
132
Q

sympathomimetic

A
  • substance that produces symptoms of sympathetic NS activation

PSYC 450 (4 decks)

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