ch 9-12 Flashcards
abstinence syndrome
condition characterized by unpleasant symptoms after stopping drug use (withdrawal)
allostasis
- adaptive biological process
- response to repeated threats/challenges results in long lasting physiological/ behavioural changes
anhedonia
inability or difficulty to feel joy/pleasure
antireward system
- brain system recruited during addictive stage
- controlled to compulsive use of drug
- amygdala (NE, CRF)
behavioral addiction
uncontrollable behaviors not involving substance use but similar to that seen in substance related disorders
biopsychosocial model
model of addiction attempting to incorporate all factors
breaking point
point at which an organism stops fighting for the reward
candidate gene analysis
analysis of a gene that might be involved with a certain disease
common disease-common variant hypothesis
risk of neuropsychiatric disorders stems from a pool of “risky genes” common in pop.
(each risky allele means increased risk of developing said disease)
common disease-rare variant hypothesis
risk of neuropsychiatric disorders come from rare mutations/genetic anomalies
comorbidity
simultaneous but distinct disease processes
contingency management
treatment of addictions where abstinence from drug is traded for vouchers (services, money etc)
craving
strong urge to take drug
disease model
treat addiction as a disease
drug detoxification
removing drug entirely from body and undergoes withdrawal
drug priming
delivery of small dose of drug to elicit drug-seeking behavior
drug reward
motivating subjective response to drug (euphoria)
∆FosB
- Fos family of transcription factors
- protein accumulates in some brain areas after repeated exposure to certain drugs
- contributes to development of addicted state
electrical self-stimulation
animal self administers a weak electric shock to specific brain area due to its reinforcing effects
executive function
higher order functioning like planning, decision making etc. (largely involves PFC)
gateway theory
use of certain drugs of abuse increases risk of progressing to other substances
genome wide association studies (GWAS)
comparing incidence of SNPs and DNA variants in control vs disease group
heritability
contribution of genetics to variability of a trait
incentive salience
- psychological process
- drug related stimuli gain increased prominence and attractiveness
- important component of incentive- sensitization model of addiction
incentive sensitization theory
repeated drug use increases want for the drug but no increase in liking the drug
(more craving, but no change in reward, bc neural system underlying wanting becomes sensitized)
linkage analysis
genetic analysis of chromosomal regions associated w a disorder
moral model
treats addiction as moral and personal problem
natural recovery
recovery from addiction w/o treatment
neuroadaptations
changes in brain functioning compensating for effects of repeated use
opponent-process model
model of addiction where initial positive response to drug is followed by opposing withdrawal response
place conditioning
pavlovian conditioning resting reward effects
positive reinforcers
smth provided to an organism that increases strength of response to obtain the item (self-admin drug studies)
progressive ratio procedure
method to measure relative power of drug reinforcement by increasing response to reward ratio
reinstatement of drug seeking
restoration of a behavior to obtain drug
relapse
recurrences of drug use after a period of abstinence
remissions
period where an addict is drug free
reward circuit
circuit of neurons mediating rewarding effects
schedule of controlled substances
- system established by substance control act of 1970
- classifies substances with abuse potential into 5 schedules
schedules 1 and 2 are the strictest
self-medication hypothesis
theory that addiction is based on an effort to treat oneself for mood and ill feelings
shared etiology
multiple disorders caused by the same set of factors
single nucleotide polymorphisms
allele variations in a single nucleotide of a gene
(differ from mutations as they have at least 1% prevalence)
substance induced disorders
DSM designations of disorders caused by ingestion of a substance
substance related disorders
DSM category including substance induced disorders and substance use disorders
substance use disorders
DSM designation for psychiatric disorders associated w addiction
acamprosate (Campral)
partial antagonist of NMDA receptor to treat alcoholism
acute tolerance
rapid tolerance formed after single use of drug (like alcohol)
alcohol dehydrogenase
enzyme in liver and stomach that oxidizes alcohol into acetaldehyde
alcohol induced cirrhosis
scar tissue formation promoting cell death as scar tissue cuts off blood supply
alcohol induced hepatitis
death of liver cells, characterized by inflammation of the liver, pain, jaundice, fever
alcohol poisoning
toxic effects of ingesting excess alcohol
- unconsciousness, vomiting, irregular breathing, cold and clammy skin
alcohol use disorder
compulsive alcohol seeking despite damaging social and health effects
association analysis
whether a particular genetic polymorphism is associated w a disease or trait
behavioural tolerance
reduced effectiveness of a drug administered chronically involving learning (instrumental, classical conditioning)
binge drinking
consumption 5+ drinks within 2h
blackout
amnesia associated w heavy alcohol consumption
blood alcohol concentration
alcohol in blood as a percent (mg/100 mL)
case-control method
technique used to identify genes associated w a disorder
- comparing affected to unaffected genomes
CRF1 antagonists
drug binds to CRF1 receptors producing no conformational change
cross dependence
withdrawal occurring across same drug class
cross tolerance
tolerance across same drug class
cytochrome P450
liver enzyme responsible for phase 1 and phase 2 of biotransformation of psychoactive drugs
delirium tremens
severe effect of alcohol withdrawal
- irritability, headache, agitation, hallucinations, confusion
detoxification
getting all drugs out of body, going through abstinence syndrome
disulfiram (antabuse)
drug treating alcoholism by causing build up of toxic metabolites (producing illness after ingestion)
expectancy
describe anticipated effects of drug action
fatty liver
damaging effect of alcohol
- accumulation of triglycerides inside liver cells
fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD)
cluster of developmental disorders cause by prenatal exposure to alcohol
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
damaging effects of prenatal exposure to alcohol
genome wide association studies (GWAS)
compares SNPs and copy number variants in DNA samples from affected and unaffected people
hangover
effect of heavy alcohol consumption that may be a sign of withdrawal, acute toxicity, or body unregulation
induction
- increase in liver enzymes (repeated drug use)
- psychostimulant sensitization by means of activation glutamate NMDA (and sometimes D1) receptors
linkage studies
method used to locate genes responsible for a disorder
metabolic tolerance
reduced amount of drug available at target tissue as a result of faster drug metabolism
microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS)
cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP2E1 that metabolizes ethanol
nalmefene
a dual k/u opioid antagonist effective in reducing lever pressing in rodent studies
naltrexone
u receptor antagonist that reduces consumption and craving
pharmacodynamic tolerance
changes in nerve cell functions in response to continued presence of a drug
pharmacotherapeutic treatment
uses drugs to modify a clinical condition
physical dependence
need for drug (withdrawal will happen)
psychosocial rehab
counseling, educating user and promoting behavioral change
tolerance
decreased response to drug as result of repeated exposure
u receptor
subtype of opioid receptor
- found in brain and spinal cord
- high affinity for morphine and other opiates
δ receptors
subtype of opioid receptor
- forebrain
- regulates olfaction, motor integration, reinforcement and cognitive function
anesthetics
- depress CNS
- decrease all sensations causing unconsciousness
- prevents pain signals by blocking Na+ channels
buprenorphine (buprenex)
- opioid agonist-antagonist
- opioid treatment programs
- substituted for methadone due to less side effects and yields similar treatment results
clonidine
- a2 adrenergic agonist
- stimulates autoreceptors and inhibits noradrenergic cell firing
- reduces symptoms of opioid withdrawal
descending modular pathways
- bundles of nerve fibers coming from higher brain region that influence lower brain and spinal cord
- one arises in PAG in midbrain (influences pain signals carried by spinal cord neurons)
endomorphins
- endogenous opioid peptides in CNS
- selectively bind to opioid receptor to eliminate pain
endorphins
- endogenous peptides in brain that stimulate u and δ opioid receptors
- reduces pain and enhances mood
methadone
- long lasting opioid drug that may be substituted for other opioids in order to prevent withdrawal symptoms
methadone maintenance program
- most effective treatment for opioid addicts
- prevents withdrawal and cravings
multidimensional approach
combination of methods to prevent drug relapse
- detoxification, pharmacological support, counselling
narcotic analgesics
- class of drugs derived from opium poppy
- reduces pain, does not cause unconsciousness
- relaxation
NOP-R
- subtype of opioid receptor
- widely distributed in the CNS and PNS
- activated by neuropeptide nociceptin/ orphaninFQ
partial agonists
- drugs bind to a receptor but have low efficacy
- weaker biological effects than full agonist
- act as agonists and antagonists depending on receptor
prodynorphin
- one of 4 large opioid propeptide precursors
- broken down by proteases to form smaller active opioids (dynorphins) in the brain
proenkaphalin
- one of 4 large opioid propeptide precursors
- broken down by proteases to form smaller active opioids (enkaphalins) in the brain
pronociceptin/orphanin FQ
- one of 4 large opioid propeptide precursors
- broken down by proteases to form smaller active opioids (nociceptin, orphanin FQ) in the brain
pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)
- one of 4 large opioid propeptide precursors
- broken down by proteases to form smaller active opioids (endorphins) in the brain
pure antagonists
- drug that produces no pharmacological activity
- can prevent or reverse effects of agonists. by occupying the receptor site
receptor cloning
- process used to produce large amounts of identical receptor proteins in a cell line
sensitization
- enhanced response to particular drug after repeated exposure
spinal interneurons
- nerve cells with short axons in spinal cord
supraspinal
- located above the spinal cord/spine
transfection
- process used to induce genetic material into a cell by injecting it with a DNA sequence coding for the desired protein product
triggers
- classically conditioned cues associated with drug taking that cause craving
amphetamine
- psychostimulant that increases catecholamine release
benzoylecgonine
- major metabolite of cocaine
cathinone
- psychostimulant that is the primary active ingredient in khat
cocaethylene
- metabolite of interaction b/w cocaine and alcohol
- similar effects of cocaine
cocaine
- stimulant blocks reuptake of DA, NE, and 5HT
- increasing [c] in synaptic cleft
cocaine binges
- periods of cocaine use lasting hours or days with little/no sleep
cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
- psychotherapy treating drug addiction by restructuring user’s thought processes
- training to avoid high risk situations
- coping mechanisms
crack
- form of cocaine
- adding baking soda to cocaine HCl
drug seeking behavior
- performance of an operant response (such as lever press) with expectation of receiving drug dose
ephedrine
- psychostimulant that is a constituent of herb ephedra vulgaris
expression
- process that leads to manifestation of sensitized response
- requires enhanced reactivity of DA nerve terminals in NAcc
focused stereotypies
- behaviors produced by high doses of psychostimulants
- characterized by repetitve and aimless mvmt
freebasing
- smoking the freebase form of cocaine obtained by dissolving cocaine HCl in water, adding alkaline solution, extracting with an organic solvent
incubation
- time dependent increase in drug craving/seeking behavior during abstinence
MDPV
- cathinone derivative
- abused stimulant
- “bath salts”
mephedrone
- cathinone derivative
- abused stimulant drug
- also part of class “bath salts”
methamphetamine
- psychostimulant that increases catecholamine release
- can cause neurotoxicity at high doses
methylone
- cathinone derivative
- abused stimulant drug
- part of “bath salts” class
methylphenidate (ritalin)
- synthetic psychostimulant used to treat ADHD
modafinil (provigil)
- synthetic psychostimulant to treat narcolepsy, disordered sleep (shift work), and sleep apnea
psychomotor stimulants
- class of drugs producing strong sensorimotor activation
- increased alertness, heightened arousal, behavioral excitation
psychosocial treatment programs
- counseling involving educating the user, promoting behavioral change
α-PVP
- cathinone derivative
- abused stimulant drug
- also part of “bath salts”
relapse prevention therapy
- treatment program for drug abusers
- how to avoid and cope high risk situations
reverse tolerance (sensitization)
- enhanced response to a particular drug after repeated exposure
sympathomimetic
- substance that produces symptoms of sympathetic NS activation
