ch 13-16 Flashcards
adenosine
- blockade or receptors for this substance is responsible for caffeine’s stimulant effects
bupropion (zyban)
- drug inhibits DA and NE reuptake
- weak nAChR antagonist
- can treat tobacco dependence
caffeine
- stimulant drug found naturally in coffee and tea
- energy drinks and tablets
caffeine dependence syndrome
- chronic high dose caffeine
- caffeine craving, difficulty controlling caffeine consumption
- tolerance and withdrawal
- recognized in ICD-10 but not DSM-5
caffeine intoxication
- high dose caffeine use
- restlessness, insomnia, tachycardia, twitching, upset stomach
caffeine use disorder
- similar to caffeine dependence syndrome
- not officially recognized as a disorder
chlorogenic acids
- class of chemicals in coffee
- protective effect against development of type 2 diabetes among people drinking 3-4c of coffee/day
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
- disorder of respiratory system
- shortness of breath, wheezing, chronic coughing, chest tightness
cotinine
principal product of nicotine metabolism by the liver
cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6)
- specific type of cytochrome P450 that metabolizes nicotine into cotinine
deprivation reversal model
- theory that smoking is maintained by mood enhancement and increased concentration that occur when nicotine withdrawal symptoms are alleviated
developmental origins of health and disease
- characteristics of intrauterine envt (nutrient availability, presence of drugs, envtal toxins, infectious agents) determines vulnerability for developing chronic diseases in adulthood
dihydro-beta-erthroidine (DhβE)
- blocks high affinity nAChRs (receptors containing β2 and α4 subunits)
intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)
- fetal growth is hampered
- baby is born underweight
mecamylamine (inversine)
- antagonist for nicotinic ACh receptors
methylxanthines
class of naturally occuring chemicals that include caffeine and theophylline
methyllycaconitine (MLA)
blocks low-affinity nAChRs consisting only of a7 subunits
nicotine replacement therapy (NRT)
method to smoking by safer means of nicotine source, maintaining a level of nicotine in the body (reducing nicotine withdrawal)
nicotine ressource model
smoking is maintained due to positive effects of nicotine such as increased concentration and greater mood control
nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs)
family of ionotrophic receptors that are activated by ACh and selectively stimulated by nicotine
nitrosamines
class of toxic chemicals contained in tobacco cigarette smoke that involve carcinogenesis
osmotic minipump
device placed just under the skin of an animal that allows a drug to be administered continuously over set period
P2X receptors
ionotropic receptors for ATP
P2Y receptors
metabotropic receptors for ATP
pannexins
membrane channels through which ATP is released into extracellular fluid
pyrolysis
process of chemical decomposition caused by heating
tar
hydrocarbons created by the vaporization of nicotine in tobacco
theophylline
stimulant drug similar to caffeine that is found naturally in tea
varenicline
partial agonist drug at high affinity a4b2 nAChRs (treats tobacco dependence)
2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)
arachnoid acid that functions as an endogenous ligand for brain cannabinoid receptors
∆-tetracannabinol (THC)
psychoactive chemical found in cannabis plants
amotivational syndrome
symptoms of cannabis use that relate to poor educational achievement and motivation
anandamide
chemical name for arachidonic acid derivatives (function as an endogenous ligand for cannabinoid receptors)
arachidonoyl ethanolamide (AEA)
formal chemical name of anandamide
cannabidiol (CBD)
phytocannabinoid that lacks intoxicating and dependence producing effects of THC
cannabinoid receptor
receptors concentrated in basal ganglia, cerebellum, and cerebral cortex
CB1
cannabinoid receptor of the metabotropic receptor family in the CNS
CB2
cannabinoid receptor located primarily in the immune system
cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)
enzyme that can metabolize endocannabinoids that plays an important role in the process of inflammation
dabbing
form of high-potency cannabis consumption
- extraction of cannabis with butane, evaporating it, smoking the residue
endocannabinoid membrane transporter
hypothesized membrane carrier protein that binds anandamide and transports it into the cell
endocannabinoids
lipid-like substances that activate CB receptors
- produced from arachidonic acid in the body
fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH)
enzyme that metabolizes endocannabinoids
hashish
type of cannabis derivative that smoked or eaten
hyperalgesia
condition characterized by an increased sensitivity to pain
marijuana
crude mixture of dried and crumbled cannabis plant parts
monoacyl-glycerol lipase (MAGL)
enzyme primarily responsible for the metabolism of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol
neuropathic pain
chronic pain caused by nerve tissue damage (produced in the nervous system itself)
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
COX-2 inhibitors such as ibuprofen
phytocannabinoids
compounds with a structure that are found in the cannabis plant
precipitated withdrawal
method used to test dependence and withdrawal by administering an antagonist to block drug effects rapidly
retrograde signaling
endocannabinoids activates CB1 receptors on nearby nerve terminals
rimonabant
antagonist selective for the CB1 receptor
sinsemilla
potent marijuana produced by preventing pollination and seed production in the female cannabis plants
TRPV1
nonspecific cation channel receptor playing a key role in the heat and pain sensations produced by capsaicin
(can be activated by anandamide)
5-methoxy-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT)
hallucinogenic drug found in south american plants
25I-NBOMe
member of NBOMe class of hallucinogens containing an iodine atom attached to phenyl ring
afterglow
desired subjective state that may follow hallucinogenic drug-assisted therapy sessio
altered states of consciousness (ASC) rating scale
psychometric scale developed to quantify the subjective effects of hallucinogenic agents
analeptics
drugs acting as circulatory, respiratory, general CNS stimulants
antitussives
drugs that suppress the coughing reflex
ayahuasca
hallucinogenic mixture originating in the amazon rain forest
bufotenine
tryptamine hallucinogen present in the toxic secretions of american desert toad
dextromethorphan
opioid-like drug that is the major antitussive agent in most OTC cough medicine
dextrorphan
biologically active metabolite of dextromethorphan
dimethyltryptamine (DMT)
hallucinogenic drug found in several south american plants
dissociative anesthesia
unusal type of anesthetic state characterized by env’tal detachment
-priduced by noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonists such as ketamine and PCP
ergot
fungus containing alkaloids from which LSD structure is derived
ergotism
disease caused by ergot-contaminated grains that can lead to death
flashbacks
re-experience of perceptual hallucinogen drug effects following termination of use
hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD)
severe flashbacks persisting a long time following drug use causing significant distress
hallucinogen rating scale
psychometric scale developed to quantify the subjective effects of hallucinogenic agents
indoleamine
include serotonin and the hallucinogens LSD, psilocybin, psilocin, DMT, 5-MeO-DMT
ketamine
binds to PCP site, acts as a noncompetitive antagonist of NMDA
- dissociative anesthetic
lysergic acid
core structural unit of all ergot alkaloids
lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
hallucinogenic drug synthesized from lysergic acid found in ergot fungus
- effects mainly from stimulating 5HT2a receptors
mescal button
crown of peyote cactus, hallucinogenic drug mescaline
methoxetamine
potent ketamine analog that is an abused drug
NBOMes
relatively new class of potent synthetic hallucinogens
nuedexta
detromethorphan containing medicatoin prescribed for the treatment of pseudobulbar affect
other hallucinogen use disorder
other than PCP and related substances
peak experience
intense psychedelic state experienced during a hallucinogenic drug-assisted therapy session
peyote button
also used to obtain mescaline
phencycline
binds to PCP site acts as a non-competitive antagonist of NMDA receptor
- dissociative anesthetic
phenethylamine
includes mescaline, NE and amphetamine related substances
pseudobulbar affect
neurological disorder characterized by frequent, uncontrollable episodes of laughing of crying incongruent with emotional state
psilocin
metabolite of psilocybin, the actual psychoactive agent
psilocybin
hallucinogenic drug found in several mushrooms
psychedelic
alters perceptions, state of mind or awareness
psychedelic therapy
giving patients a single dose of LSD to help understand their own problems by reaching a spiritual state
psycholytic therapy
LSD in low doses, gradually increasing the dose in an attempt to recover memories and increase communication
psychotomimetic
substance mimicking psychosis in someone
salvinorin A
active compound in hallucinogenic plant, acts as a k-opioid receptor agonist
synesthesia
mixing sensations
5a- reductase
enzyme converts testosterone in 5a-dihydrotestosterone
anabolic- androgenic steroids (AAS)
group of performance enhancers characterised by their ability to increase muscle and enhance masculine qualities
androgen receptor
target site of testosterone and other androgens, located within the cytoplasm and many tissues
