CH 9

Question 1

Population

Answer 1

A particular group of individuals or elements who are the focus of the research

Question 2

Target population

Answer 2

An entire set of individuals or elements who meet the sampling criteria

Question 3

Accessible population

Answer 3

The portion of the target population to which the researcher has reasonable access

Question 4

Sample

Answer 4

Defines the selected group of people or elements from which data are collected for a study

Question 5

Sampling

Answer 5

Selection of a subset of a population to represent the whole population

Question 6

Inclusion Criteria

Answer 6

Characteristics that the subject or element must possess to be part of the target population

Question 7

Exclusion Criteria

Answer 7

Characteristics that can cause a person or element to be excluded from the target population

Question 8

Representativeness

Answer 8

the sample, access population, and target population are alike in as many ways as possible

Question 9

Generalization

Answer 9

Extending the findings from the sample under study to the larger population.

• The extent is influenced by the quality of the study and consistency of the study’s findings.

Question 10

Sample Size in Quantitative Studies

Answer 10

Effect size: the size of difference between the groups or the strength of the relationship between two variables.

• Number of variables
• Measurement sensitivity
• Data analysis techniques

Question 11

Sample Size in Qualitative Research

Answer 11

Saturation: occurs when additional sampling provides no new information, only redundancy of previous collected data.

• Scope of the study
• Nature of the topic
• Quality of the data
• Study design

Question 12

Probability Sampling (Generalizability ↑)

Answer 12

Random !

• Simple random sampling
• Stratified random sampling
• Cluster sampling
• Systematic sampling

Question 13

Simple Random

Answer 13

Most basic of the probability sample plans. It is achieved by randomly selecting elements from the sampling frame.

Question 14

Stratified Random

Answer 14

Used in situations in which the researcher knows some of the variables in the population that are critical for achieving representative.

Variables commonly used age, gender, race, and ethnicity

Question 15

Cluster Random

Answer 15

Researcher develops a sampling frame that includes a list of all the states, cities, institutions, or clinicians with which elements of the identified population can be linked.

Question 16

Systematic Random

Answer 16

Used when an ordered list of all members of the population is available.

Question 17

Nonprobability Sampling (Generalizability ↓)

Answer 17

• Convenience
• Purposeful
• Theoretical
• Network
• Quota

Question 18

Convenience

Answer 18

Also called accidental sampling, is a relatively weak approach because it provides little opportunity to control biases; participants are included in study merely because they happen to be in the right place at the right. time.

Question 19

Purposeful

Answer 19

Sometimes referred to as judgmental or selective sampling, the researcher consciously selects certain participants, elements, event, or incidents to include in the study.

Question 20

Theoretical

Answer 20

Used in qualitative research to develop a selected theory or model through the research process. This type is used most frequently with grounded theory research.

Question 21

Network

Answer 21

Sometimes referred to as snowball, chain, or nominated sampling, holds promise for locating participants who would be difficult or impossible to obtain in other ways or who had not been previously identified for study.

Question 22

Quota

Answer 22

Uses a convenience sampling technique with an added feature– a strategy to ensure the inclusion of participant types likely to be underrepresented in the convenience sample (e.g. women, minorities).

Question 23

Sample Size Calculation in Quantitative Study

Answer 23

• Small effect size <0.30 or 0.50 or >- 0.50

Question 24

Sample Size Calculation in Qualitative Study

Answer 24

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Question 25

Types of Setting

Answer 25

• Natural or Field setting
• Partially controlled setting
• Highly controlled setting

Question 26

Natural or Field setting

Answer 26

an uncontrolled, real-life situation or environment. Conducting research in this setting means the researcher does not manipulate or change the environment for the study.

Question 27

Partially Controlled setting

Answer 27

an environment that is manipulated or modified in some way by the researcher.

Question 28

Highly Controlled setting

Answer 28

an environment structured for the purpose of conducting research. (e.g lab)