CH 10

Question 1

Direct vs. Indirect Measurement

Answer 1

Direct: concrete things, such as oxygen saturation, temperature, blood pressure, weight, demographic variables

Indirect (indicator of concepts): abstract concepts such as pain, depression, coping, self-care, and self-esteem, anxiety level, feelings

Question 2

Reliability vs. Validity

Answer 2

Reliability is concerned with how consistently the measurement technique measures the concept of interest

Validity of an instrument is a determination of how well the instrument reflects the abstract concept being examined.

Question 3

False Negative vs. False Positive (Specificity vs. Sensitivity)

Answer 3

FN: indicates that a disease is not present when it is

FP: indicates that a disease is present when it is not

Question 4

Data Collection Methods

Answer 4

• Observation
• Interview (structure vs. unstructured)
• Questionnaire
• Focus groups

Question 5

Observation

Answer 5

Involves an interaction between the study participants and observer(s), in which the observer has the opportunity to watch the participant perform in a specific setting.

Question 6

Interview (structure vs. unstructured)

Answer 6

Involves verbal communication between researcher and the study participant, during which info is provided to the researcher

Structured: Controlled by researcher
Unstructured: Controlled by study participant

Question 7

Questionnaire

Answer 7

Self report form designed to elicit info through written, verbal, or electronic responses of the study participant.

Question 8

Focus groups

Answer 8

a demographically diverse group of people assembled to participate in a guided discussion about a particular product before it is launched, or to provide ongoing feedback on a political campaign, television series, etc.

Question 9

Scale (e.g., Likert Scale)

Answer 9

A form of self-report, is a more precise means of measuring phenomena than a questionnaire.

Question 10

Rating Scale

Answer 10

Crudest form of measurement involving scaling techniques. This scale lists an ordered series of categories of a variable that are assumed to be based on an underlying continuum.

Question 11

Likert Scale

Answer 11

Designed to determine the opinions or attitudes of study subjects. This scale contains a number of declarative statements, with a scale after each statement.

Question 12

Visual Analog Scales

Answer 12

typically is used to measure the strength, magnitude, or intensity of individuals’ subjective feelings, sensations, or attitudes about symptoms or situations.

Question 13

Levels of Measurement

Answer 13

• Nominal (named variables)
• Ordinal (named + ordered variables)
• Interval (named + ordered + proportionate interval between variables)
• Ratio (named + ordered + proportionate interval between variables + Can accommodate absolute zero)