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World History > Ch. 8 - World History > Flashcards

Ch. 8 - World History Flashcards

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1
Q

What were Africa’s Challenging Environments?

A

-Deserts and Rainforests

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2
Q

What were the two main deserts?

A
  • The Sahara (north, bigger)
  • Kalahari (southwest)
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3
Q

Why are the deserts challenging?

A
  • unsuitable for human life
  • no water
  • they hamper people moving to more welcoming climates
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4
Q

What is desertification and where does it takes place?

A
  • The Sahara gets bigger each year
  • Takes place along the southern edge known as the Sahel
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5
Q

Why are the rain forests challenging and useful?

A

Challenging

  • Partly inhabitable
  • The presence of the Tsetse fly prevents Africans from using cattle, donkeys, and horses to farm near the rain forests

Useful

  • prevented invaders like Europeans from colonizing the fly infested territories
  • Provides essential wood resources, especially mahogany and teak
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6
Q

What are the Africa’s Welcoming Lands?

A
  • Mediterranean zones
  • Savannas (grassy plains)
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7
Q

Where is the Mediterranean zone located?

What is their climate?

What are they densely populated with?

A
  • The northern coast and southern tip
  • Mild climate which results in fertile land
  • Farmers and herders
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8
Q

What percentage of the savannas covers part of Africa?

What does savannas support?

What inhabits this area?

A
  • 40%
  • Abundant agricultural revolution
  • Much of natural wildlife
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9
Q

What were the commanalities in early sub-Saharan African?

A
  • Basic social unit is the family
  • Religions
  • Keeping history
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10
Q

What is an extended family?

What is a clan?

A
  • Besides parents and children they often included grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins
  • Families that shared common ancestors sometimes formed groups
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11
Q

What are belief systems?

What was their belief?

What is animism?

A
  • A belief in which helped people to understand and organize information about their world
  • One creator/god and animism
  • A belief that spirits play an important role in regulating daily life and that spirits are present in animals, plants, natural forces, and they take the form of the souls of ancestors
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12
Q

What did a few societies didn’t have?

How was history kept alive?

A
  • No written language
  • Through the storytelling of griots
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13
Q

The History of Early West Africa

What was the most unique quality of West Africa?

Who was West Africa’s earliest culture and what was their first thing to do?

A
  • They developed an Iron Age without going through the Copper or Bronze Age
  • The Nok; smelt iron
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14
Q

Understanding Migration:

What were 3 primary factors that caused migration to happen?

What did these factors resulted in?

A
  • Environmental, economic, and political
  • Resulted people being pushed or pulled out of a region
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15
Q

What were the push factors of:

  • environment
  • economic
  • political
A

Env: climate changes, exhausted resources, earthquakes, volcanoes, and drought/famine

Econ: unemployment, slavery

Pol: religioius, ethnic, or political persecution; war

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16
Q

What were the pull factors of:

  • environment
  • economic
  • political
A

Env: abundant land, new resources, and good climate

Econ: employment opportunities

Pol: politcal and/or religious freedom

17
Q

What were the general effects of Migration?

A
  • redistribution of the population may change population density
  • cultural blending of languages or ways of life may occur
  • ideas and technologies may be shared
  • peoples quality of life may be improved as a result of moving
  • clashes between groups may create unrest, persecution, or even war
  • environmental conditions may change, causing famine or depleted natural resources
  • employment opportunities may dry up
18
Q

Who’s an example of migration taking place in Africa?

A

-The Bantu people

19
Q

What were the causes of the Bantu Migration?

A
  • increased food production,
  • which lead to increasing population,
  • which lead to needing to take over more land to plant food and to dig up minerals for iron smelting;
  • this lead to land destruction and dense population/overpopulation
20
Q

What were the effects of the Bantu Migration?

A
  • Other people were pushed out (BaMbuti and San pushed into small areas)
  • Territorial wars (BaMbuti and San fought the Bantu)
  • Ideas and languages were exchanged (spread of the Bantu language, agricultural techniques, and iron smelting)
  • Ethnic groups intermingled (Bantu intermarried which resulted in new cultures, customs, and traditions)
21
Q

Where was the Aksum Kingdom located?

What did it determined?

A
  • Along the Red Sea
  • The fate of the kingdom
22
Q

The history traces the kingdom and the Ethiopian royal dynasty to whom?

A

-the son of King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba

23
Q

How did the Aksum Kingdom become well known?

A

-By conquering the Kush

24
Q

Who did they controlled?

A

-An area known as the Horn of Africa

25
Q

Location made it the hub of caravan between whom?

A

-Egypt and Meroe

26
Q

Where did international trading took place?

Who was involved in the international trade?

A
  • The port city of Adulis between the Red Sea and the Indian Sea
  • Egypt, Arabia, Persia, India, Greece, and the Romans
27
Q

What items did the Aksumites sold?

What did they got in return?

A
  • Salt, emeralds, gold, and tortoise shells
  • Cloth, glass, olive oil, and wine
28
Q

Who did Ezana conquered?

A
  • The Arabian peninsula (gave him complete control of the Red Sea)
  • Kushites and burned Meroe to the ground
29
Q

What were the Aksumite Innovations/Accomplishments?

A
  • Ge’ez (written language)
  • first state south of Sahara to mint their own coins (made of bronze, silver and gold)
  • terrace farming
30
Q

What were the Aksum culture consisted of?

What were the Adulis population consisted of?

What was their international language?

A
  • Blended cultural traditions of Arab peoples and Kushites
  • Egyptian, Arabian, Greek, Roman, Persian, and the Indian
  • Greek
31
Q

What were the Aksumites’ religion?

Their involvement in international trade led to what?

What made Christianity the official religion of the Kingdom?

A
  • Animists, who had one primary god named Mahrem, and they believed their king was descended from him
  • Arrival of new religions including Islam and Christianity
  • Ezana’s conversion to Christianity
32
Q

What led to the fall of the Axum?

A
  • Islamic invaders whom destroyed the city of Adulis in 70 C.E., which cut them off from the sea and prevented them from being involved in the trade
  • erosion from excessive land use caused land to become ruined
  • Aksum leaders were forced to move their capital into northen Ethiopia to be closer to other Chrisitan settlements, but delayed in the end
33
Q

What was their lasting legacy?

A
  • Religion
  • Architecture (stele)
  • Agriculture

World History (7 decks)

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