Ch. 8 Soc. Dvlp in Adolescence Flashcards
How should parents seek to cope w/ thrusts of independence from their teenagers?
PP 356
keeping the lines of communication open. Teenagers need to feel that their parents are a resource they can turn to.
Techniques for effective communication b/w adults and young people
PP. 357
Active listening
“I”-Messages
No-Lose Problem Solving
Collisions of Values
Active listening
understanding the sender’s message or their feelings and repeating in your own words. the aim is to feed back only what s/he feels the sender’s message meant… Reflecting feelings or restating content.
when a teenager feels his/her parents are listening, he/she will be more apt to listen to the parents’ point of view b/c children feel they r being heard n understood.
“I” Messages
PP 357
nonblaming messages that communicate only how the sender or the message believes the receiver is adversely affecting the sender. I-messages do not provide a solution, nor are they put-down messages.
I-messages help teenagers learn to assume responsibility for their own behavior
No-lose problem solving
PP 358
parents and youth solve their conflicts by finding their own unique solutions acceptable to both. Ea person in the conflict treats the other with respect, neither person tries to win the conflict by the use of power, and creative solutions.
Two basic premises
- people have the right to have their needs met
- what is in conflict b/w the two parties involved is not their needs but their solutions to those needs.
6 steps in the no-lose method:
- id and defining the needs of ea person
- generating possible alternative solutions
- evaluating the alternative solutions
- deciding on the best acceptable solution
- wkng out ways of implementing the solution
- following up t evaluate how it worked.
Collisions of Values
- parents can influence her offspring’s values by modeling the values they hold as important.
- act as a consultant to them
- modify values
The task of becoming independent involves
Pp 356
attaining emotional, social, and economic independence.
What does emotional independence involves
progressing from emotional dependence on parents or others to inc independence while still being able to maintain close emotional ties.
What does social independence involves
becoming self-directed rather than other-directed.
other-directed
strongly motivated by the need for social acceptance that much of what the group says is what adolescents think and do
self-directed
people think things out for themselves and make decisions based on their personal interests.
Economic independence
earning sufficient money to meet one’s financial needs. Also involves learning to limit one’s desires and purchases to one’s ability to pay.
Adolescent Rebellion include:
adolescent being in conflict w/ parents, being alienated from adult society, engaging in dangerous and reckless behavior, being in emotional turn oil and rejecting adult values.
Parental Styles
Authoritative: understanding children better provides control and consistent support.
Authoritarian: tell children what to do how to do it. More controlling.
Permissive: nondirective and avoid trying to control their children.
what’s the strongest predictor of delinquency
PP 359
family’s supervision and discipline of children
Peer group that an adolescent selects depends on what factors:
socioeconomic status (most peer gps r bound by social class)
values derived from parents
the neighborhood one lives in
the nature of the school
special talents and abilities
personality of the adolescent
Homeless Youth
often experience physical and mental health problems due to parents’ unemployment, substance use, living on streets, erratic school.
powerlessness and hopelessness
few resources for these youth
low self-esteem
Rees four stage model for SW to help homeless youth become more empowered
PP 360
- understanding powerlessness - Let’s the youth express feelings, despair, fear, hurt disappointment etc.
- awareness and mutual education - allows the youth to tell their stories and look for common themes, may begin to see how they can make different choices
- dialogue and solidarity exchange ideas about empowering selves- housing, education, employment, income, health care - rights are shared. Building a supportive gp w/ solidarity
- action and political identity - begin to act and feel that one has power to seek out one’s rights (political)
Three primary eating disorders
Anorexia Nervosa
Bulimia Nervosa
Compulsive overeating
Anorexia nervosa
means: loss of appetite due to nerves but people with anorexia do not actually lose their appetite until the late stages of their starvation
Predominant features of Anorexia Nervosa
excessive thinness, intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, a distorted body image in which anorexics view themselves as being overweight, and amenorrhea in females. They become increasingly depressed. 95% females. Medical intervention is required along with therapy.
Eating disorders have the highest mortality rate than any other mental disorder.
Symptoms of physical deterioration from anorexia nervosa
PP 361
reduced heart rate, lowered blood pressure, lowered body temperature, inc retention of water, fine hair growth on many parts of the body, amenorrhea in females and a variety of metabolic changes.
Pattern of the development of anorexia nervosa
- dieting just before or just after a major change e.g. puberty, breaking up w/ bf, leaving home for college
- dieting creates a feeling of control; food and the fear of becoming fat become the major concerns in life.
- exhausting exercise is added
- health begins to fail. lead to shrinking of internal organs, irregular heart rhythm, congestive heart failure inc, muscle aches and cramps, swelling of joints, constipation, difficulty urinating, inability to concentrate, digestive problems and injuries to nerves and tendons. feeling cold.
Behaviors of anorexic
wear bulky clothes to hide image
throw away food or say already eaten
avoid others, withdraw, introverted
avoid sexual relationships and other social activities
may perform rituals - cutting food in tiny pieces, weighing several times a day
see things in black and white, not grey
occasionally may binge but feel guilty
Treatment for anorexia nervosa
PP 362
hospitalization
mortality is b/w 5-18% (heart attack, kidney damage, liver impairment, malnutrition, and starvation)
suicide is also a danger
highest mortality rate of any psychiatric disorder
require medical intervention and psychotherapy, including indv, fam and gp tx.
Bulimia Nervosa
PP 362
means “ox-like hunger”… triggered not by physical hunger but by emotional upset
involves binging and then purging by self induce vomiting
range of 4.5-18% of HS and college students
Binge eating
is the rapid, uncontrolled consumption of large amounts of food.
Purging
the process of getting rid of the food eaten during a binge. the most frequent method of purging is self-induced vomiting.
other methods of purging: strict dieting, fasting, vigorous exercise, diet pills, and abuse of diuretics and laxatives.
Patterns of development of Bulimia
PP 362
- dieting then craving sweet, high calorie food
- over eating begins, triggered by stress such as anger, depression, loneliness, frustration, and boredom.. food relieves hunger and is a comfort
- Guilt over eating too much and gaining weight. society values thinness
4 purge discovered. one can binge and purge and not gain weight. - binge/purge habit develops. way of coping with life and pain
- worry that it will be discovered.
Characteristics of Bulimia
- within a normal weight range but may be slightly overweight or underweight
- binge can be thousands of calories at a time 1,000-5,000 calories and up to 50.000
- usually binge on high calorie junk food, fatty food or sweet food.
- Can be comorbid w/other substances such as alcohol and drugs. Psychological dynamics that lead a P to abuse alcohol or drugs are similar to dynamics that lead P to be bulimic.
- feel shame about their binge-purge cycle but continue to resort to cycle to relive pain of daily living
*can go undetected for years
Physical complications of Bulimia
- can lead to gum disease
- tearing and bleeding in the esophagus. Very sore throats
- hard to treat b/c bulimic continue to eat
- potassium deficiency and muscle fatigue, kidney damage, weakness, erratic heartbeat, paralysis and death
- dehydration and electrolyte imbalance
- may shoplift and steal food
- may be comorbid w/ depression and alcoholism/drug addiction
Digestive problems of Bulimia
PP 363
stomach cramps, nausea, ulcers, and colitis to a fatal rupturing of the stomach and can lead to diabetes.
Compulsive overeating
PP 363
irresistible urge to consume excessive amounts of food for no nutritional reason
results in excessive accumulation of body fat
3/5 Americans are overweight
Treatment is recommended for P whose body weight is more than 20% over ideal weight a compulsive overeater.
Health Risks of Compulsive overeating
PP 364
cancer, diabetes, heart disease, osteoarthritis, hypertension, breathing issues.
Characteristics commonly found in compulsive overeaters
- binge to get comfort from pain
- often do not track eating
- feel shame and embarrassment
- co-morbid w/ alcohol and substance use
- people pleasers and approval seekers
- filled with self-doubt and insecurity
- begins in adolescence
- depression is common with low self-esteem
Trajectory of compulsive overeaters
- use frequent diet plan but none work
- avoid health warning signs
- socially isolate
- nutritional ignorance
- do not count calories, binge w/ no tracking,
- soothes for a little while but then problems get worse
Treatment for compulsive overeaters
dieting
physical exercise
medicine to burb appetite
surgery in extreme cases
Most serious health problem of the 21st century, can lead to death and be prevented
Causes of eating disorders
PP 365
- parents may have drug/alcohol problems and depression
- possibly molested as children 9rap or incest)
- insecure feelings, perfectionistic, do not match up to others
- may come from middle and upper class families - mother overprotective and father often working obsessively
- may be good compliant children discouraged from independence
- some fam are rejecting and critical but also overprotective
- some fam uninvolved and rejecting
- societal pressures on women to be overly thin
possible treatment for eating disorders
PP 366
- inpatient treatment- medical, nutrition, indv, fam and gp tx.
- outpatient tx - when not as severe
- anti-depressant med
- indv tx - inc self esteem, lower depression, stress reduction, assertiveness training, exploration of relationship problems, and examining career options. Need also to look at eating and exercise patterns
- fam tx may wk when members support the P w/ the eating disorder, discussing emancipation issues, removing negative interactions and increasing communication.
- gp tx - helps P gain resources, mutual aid and support. Learn not the only one experiencing difficulties
- prevention of eating disorders in early school grades is now being recommended.
