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Ap Human Geography > Ch 8 Review > Flashcards

Ch 8 Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is political geography?

A

The study of the political organization of the world

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2
Q

Define State

A

Politically organized territory with a permanent population defined territory and a government

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3
Q

How are states and state boundaries made?

A

They’re made shape and refined by the peoples actions in history

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4
Q

Where did the first states evolve?

A

Mesopotamia

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5
Q

They were known as _______________.

A

Ancient states

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6
Q

What are other names for this area?

A

Fertile Crescent Southwest Asia or the Middle East

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7
Q

Political unity in the ancient world reached its height with the establishment of the __________________.

A

Roman Empire

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8
Q

What is the difference between sovereign and non-sovereign?

A

States that are sovereign have the right to defend their territorial integrity against incursion from other states however if a territory is controlled by another state it is an non-sovereign

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9
Q

What is mercantilism?

A

Promotion of commercialism and trade

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10
Q

What did the Peace of Westphalia create?

A

Westphalia became the territory that defined the society

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11
Q

It was a change in the relationship between ______________ and _______________.

A

People.

Territory

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12
Q

When did the Peace of Westphalia take place?

A

1648

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13
Q

Nation

A

Identified by its own membership not simply defined as the people within the territory
Ex. Basque.
And. French

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14
Q

Nation-state

A

Politically organized area in which nation and state occupy the same state
Ex. Denmark Iceland Japan

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15
Q

Multinational state

A

States with more than one nation inside it’s borders

Ex. Yugoslavia and Israel

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16
Q

Multistate nation

A

Nation that stretches across borders and states

Ex. The Kurds and Kurdistan

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17
Q

Stateless nations

A

Nation that has no state

Ex. Kurds. Basque. Palestinian

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18
Q

9.

A

9.

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19
Q

Give examples of states that are disputed.

A

Korea is one nation separated by two sovereign states.

China claims Taiwan as their territory but the Taiwanese believe they are their own country

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20
Q

When did the European concept of the state diffuse to the rest of the world?

A

It did used to the rest of the world in the 16th century and the late 19th century

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21
Q

What happened at the Berlin Conference?
a. When did it take place?

b. How did the Europeans draw the boundaries of Africa?

A

There were parties that met to divide Africa

This took place in the late 19 century

Without reference to the indigenous cultural or political arrangements

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22
Q

What is a colony?

A

A territory tied to a state rather than being completely independent

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23
Q

What were the three basic reasons European states established colonies? (3Gs)

a. When did this era begin?

A

To promote Christianity GOD
provide resources. GOLD
Indicated relative power. GLORY

15th century Beginning of 1400’s

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24
Q

Which country established the largest colonial empire?

A

The United Kingdom

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25
Q

What is the most populous colony? Who owns it?

A

Puerto Rico owned by the US

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26
Q

What is the least populous colony? Who owns it?

A

Pitcairn owned by the British mutineers

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27
Q

What is the only large landmass not part of any sovereign state?

a. What provides the legal framework for managing this landmass?

A

Antarctica

The treaty of Antarctica

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28
Q

Its most powerful impact was the construction of a global order characterized by great differences in __________________ and __________________ power.

A

Economic and political

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29
Q

What did the forces of colonialism create?

A

Gave birth to a global economic order called the world economy

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30
Q

Who created the World Systems Theory?

A

Immanuel Wallerstein

World economy has one market and A group division of labor

The world has multiple states taking place within the context of the world’s economy

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31
Q

Three tiers?

A

Core-high level salaries and technology
Periphery - more marginal positions
Semiperiphery- both core and periphery are both occurring

32
Q

d. What are the major concerns of the Worlds System Theory?
i. Give examples of country’s that were never colonial powers, but are significant parts of the world economy.
e. All states are sovereign. Yes/No. Do all states have the ability to influence others? Yes/No

A

The account that it is not fully taken on how places moved from first category to another. Or how it only explains how colonial powers were able to amass great concentration of wealth

Switzerland in Ireland

Yes theoretically

No

33
Q

What is the difference between centrifugal and centripetal forces?

examples of each one from the partition of India

A

Centrifugal. Are forces that divide the region or people

Centripetal are forces that unify these regions and people

centrifugal-religion of Islam and Hindus in India
Centripetal - hinduism in India

34
Q

What is the difference between unitary and federal governments

A

Unitary government ensure the central governments authority over all the states usually common in Europe federalism puts regional interest by vesting primary powers in provinces and states except the one explicitly given to the central government

35
Q

Where would you find unitary states?

A

In Europe Africa and Asia

36
Q

What type of states adopt a federal system of government?

A

Very large states and multinational states may also pick federalism

37
Q

26.

A

26.

38
Q

What are other types of government?

A

Theocracy-religion
constitutional monarchy-figurehead king or queen
absolute monarchy-direct rule of king or queen

39
Q

What are the political administrative units from largest to smallest?

A

Empire nation state province and county

40
Q

What is devolution? How is achieved?

A

The movement of power from the central government to the regional governments within the states it is achieved by reworking to a Constitution that established a federal system recognizing the permanency of the regional governments

41
Q

What is irredentism

A

A minority group wants to break away from my multiethnic state forming their own nation state

42
Q

What is Balkanization? Why was it given this name?

A

Is when the centrifugal forces break apart a state into smaller pieces this was named after or for the breaking a part of Yugoslavia

43
Q

Give examples of ethno-cultural devolutionary movements? Know if they were violent or nonviolent.

A

Czechoslovakia-violent Yugoslavia-violent?

44
Q

Where does a territorial influence on devolution take place

A

Areas near the coast or border like Hawaii

45
Q

Give examples of economic devolution.

A

Catalonia Spain and Sardinia Italy

46
Q

. What is electoral geography?

A

The special configuration of electoral districts and the voting patterns emerge in particular elections reflect and influence social and political affairs

47
Q

Know the difference between reapportionment and redistricting?

A

Reapportionment legislative body seats changes according to census figures
redistricting district move due to population shifts making each district have similar amount of people

48
Q

What is gerrymandering? Is it legal or illegal?

A

Gerrymandering is illegal it is the process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power

49
Q

What are the political consequences of redistricting?

A

Advantage or disadvantage to individual candidate protecting or we getting the incumbents or challenger

50
Q

What are the six largest countries in the world? Place in order from largest to smallest.

A

Russia China Canada US Brazil in Australia

51
Q

What are extremely small states called? Most of them are ____________________. What is the name of the smallest state in the United Nations?

A

Micro states
Islands
Monaco

52
Q
  1. Describe the following shapes of states and given an example for each one:
    a. Compact
    b. Prorupted
    c. Elongated
    d. Fragmented

E. perforated

A

Compact -distance from center to boundary is not very significant example Poland El Salvador prorupted -compact state with large projecting extension example Namibia
Elongated- long and narrow shape example chile
Fragments had several discontinuous pieces of territory and example US
Perforated states that completely surrounds another one example South Africa

53
Q

What is an exclave and and and enclave

A

An area separated by intervening state is an exclave

I stay completely surrounding another state is an enclave

54
Q

What is a landlocked state? A landlocked state does not have access to the ________________ .How does it send and receive goods?

A

Estate that boundaries or lost by landmass leaving now opening to water

Ocean

Through another country’s Seaport

55
Q
  1. What is the difference between the following and given examples for each:
    a. Allocational Boundaries
    b. Consequent Boundaries
    c. Superimposed Boundaries
    d. Relic boundaries
A

allocation boundaries. Existed before human settlement like rocks mountains and rivers

Consequent boundaries developed along development of the cultural landscape Lake religion in the northern Ireland and Ireland

Superimposed boundaries ignore the existing cultural organization or the landscape like in Africa

Relic boundaries no longer exist anymore like the Berlin wall

56
Q

Describe the three ways to establish boundaries

A

Define delimit and Demarcate

57
Q

What are other types of boundaries?

A

Physical cultural and geometric boundaries

58
Q

Describe the four different boundary disputes.

A

Definitional-legal language of the boundary agreement
Locational- delimitation and possibly demarcation of the boundary
Operational-neighbors who differ over the wait there border should function
Allocation- more common as the search for resources intensify

59
Q

What is the International Law of the Sea?

A

A law that A countries border extends 12 miles from its coast

60
Q

What is the median-line principle?

A

If two countries 200 miles barrier conflicts with one another a line is drawn in the water equidistant from each competing party

61
Q

Describe the Organic Theory?

a. What is another name for this theory?
b. Who came up with the theory?
c. What is the life giving force in the organic theory?
i. What is another name for the life giving force?

A

German school
Fredrick rattle
The life cycle birth, maturity , decline and death requiring nourishment
Territory

62
Q
  1. Describe the Heartland Theory?
    a. Who came up with the theory?
    b. What area of the world would you have to control? Why?
    c. Which individuals liked this theory?
A

Hartford Mackinder
Control over land owning the Eastern Europe and western Asia because these areas had a rich agriculture and large amounts of natural resources coal and oil
Hitler and Soviet Union

63
Q
  1. Describe the Rimland Theory?
    a. Who came up with the theory?
    b. What needed to be created to keep the heartland in check? Give examples.
A

Nicholas spykman

Alliances needed to be created like NATO CENTO and SEATO

64
Q

What is the Islamic World

A

US government concerns over Al Qaeda’s influence in the Islamic world just to find military involvement in Iraq and Afghanistan

65
Q

During the Cold War, which two countries controlled world geopolitics

A

The United States and Russia

66
Q

What are the three types of supranational organizations?

A

Political economic and military

67
Q

What is the purpose of the United Nations?

a. What are its objectives?
b. How many states are members of the United Nations?
i. Give examples of non-members.
c. What are the three occasions that the United Nations grew rapidly?

A

To promote international call operation for political reasons
Maintaining international peace and security
Promoting human rights fostering social and economic development
193 members
Palastine and Vatican City
1995 Nazi Germany, 1960 former African colonies, early 1990s break up of solvent union Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia

68
Q

What was the first modern experiment in regional economic cooperation

A

Benelux

69
Q

What does NAFTA stand for?

a. Which countries belong to NAFTA?
b. What is its purpose?

A

North American Free Trade Agreement

Economic union promoting investments between three countries US Canada and Mexico eliminating trade barriers

70
Q

What does NATO stand for?

a. What is its purpose?
b. Why was it created?

A

North Atlantic Treaty organization
Constitutes a system of collective defense in response to the spread of communism in Eastern Europe it’s still exist today

71
Q

What was the purpose of the Warsaw Pact?

a. Is it still in existence today?

A

A collective defense treaty among the solvent union no longer in existence

72
Q

What was NATO and the Warsaw Pact designed to do?

A

Maintaining a bipolar balance of power in Europe

73
Q

What is a shatterbelt region? Give examples of shatterbelt regions.

A

Regions caught up in conflict between the two superpowers

Like Central America and Central Asia

74
Q
  1. What was the purpose of the European Union?
    a. What is a centripetal force that has unified parts of the European Union?
    b. What is the issue with Turkey?
    c. What is the Brexit?
A

Reduce certain tariffs and a freer flow in labor capital and commodities
The euro common currency
It would be the first Muslim country to enter
The UK’s withdrawal from the European Union

75
Q

What are other examples of supranational organizations?

A

ACS Association of Caribbean states

The Andean group

76
Q

What is the difference between deterritorialzation and reterritorialization?

A

deterritorialzation is globalization networked communities. Undermines the states traditional territorial authority

reterritorialization is the state that is moving to solidify control over its territory

Ap Human Geography (6 decks)

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