Ch. 8 Nervous System Study Guide and Self Quiz Flashcards
Name the 4 functions of the nervous system:
Detect internal/external changes
Analyze this info
Organize the info
Initiate appropriate response
Receptors . . .
receive impulses.
The effectors are . . .
glands and muscles.
Define CNS
Central Nervous System -
which are the brain and spinal cord.
Define PNS
Peripheral Nervous System -
which is the cranial/spinal nerves.
The PNS has 2 divisions. What are they?
SNS - somatic nervous system
ANS - autonomic nervous system
The SNS is . . .
voluntary and controls the skeletal muscles/movement.
The ANS is . . .
involuntary and controls heart rate, digestion, breathing, etc.
Name the 2 types of nerve tissue:
neurons and neuroglia
What are the 3 parts of a neuron?
cell body
one or more dendrites
one axon
Large dendrite and axons are usually covered in a sheath formed by . . .
Schwann cells in the PNS. Schwann cells form myelin.
Name the 3 functional types of neurons and where they are located:
Sensory (afferent) - carries impulses toward the CNS - brain/spinal cord
Motor (efferent) - carries impulses away from the CNS toward effectors - muscles/glands
Interneurons - carries impulses within the CNS from sensory to motor.
Which neurons are found in the PNS?
Motor and Sensory
Which neuron is found in the CNS?
Interneurons
Neuroglial cells provide ___________ and ___________ for neurons.
Support and Protection
Protects the CNS with ____________ and through ______________.
Oligodendrocytes
myelin (sheath).
The PNS has 1 type of neuroglial cell . . .
Schwann cell - Protects axons
The CNS has 4 types of neuroglial cells . . .
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Microglial Cells
Ependymal Cells
Oligodendrocytes do what?
Covers the axons to form the myelin sheath of myelinated neurons.
Astrocytes do what?
Star-shaped forms the blood-brain barrier. This keeps harmful substances from getting to the brain tissue.
Microglial cells do what?
Engulf and digest debris and pathogens. They are phagocytic.
CNS neuroglial cells do not conduct _______.
Impulses
What is the purpose of CNS neuroglial cells?
Protection and Support
What is phagocytosis?
Engulfing and absorbing bacteria and other small cells and particles.
The brain is protected by the ___________ and the spinal cord is protected by the ___________.
Cranial bones and vertebrae.
Both the brain and spinal cord are covered by:
Meninges
What are the 3 meninges?
Pia mater - innermost, lining brain/spinal cord
Arachnoid mater - Middle membrane, spiderweb looking
Dura mater - tough, fibrous, outermost layer
What are the 6 divisions/sections of the brain?
Cerebrum Thalamus Hypothalamus Brainstem Cerebellum Ventricles
The cerebrum has 2 hemispheres and is divided into?
4 lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
These lobes are in the same area as the named bones.
The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain.
Gyri and sulci increase?
the brain’s surface area.
Gyri are the . . .
elevations (hills) of the brain’s surface.
Sulci are the . . . .
indentations (valleys) of the brain’s surface.
The thalamus is located . . .
in the center, and is the relay station for sensory nerve impulses.
The hypothalamus regulates . . .
body temperature and appetite.
The brainstem is at the . . .
base of the brain.
The brainstem includes:
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
The brainstem controls . . .
vital organs, arousal, digestion
The cerebellum is responsible for?
Coordination and balance.
Where is the cerebellum located?
At the base of the brain, behind the cerebrum. It looks like a walnut.
The ventricles are . . .
4 cavities within the brain. They are lined with ependymal cells and are filled with CSF.
Cerebrospinal fluid is secreted from the?
Choroid plexus in each ventricle.
The blood-brain barrier limits access of blood materials to brain tissue and . . .
protects the brain from fluctuations in blood levels.
The spinal cord extends down to what vertebra
2nd lumbar
Gray matter is located interiorly and is surrounded by
white matter.
Gray matter contains no. . .
myelin. It has cell bodies only which equal the gray color.
White matter is . . .
neurons with myelinated axons that conduct impulses faster.
Cranial and spinal nerves are located in which system?
PNS
How many cranial nerves are there and how are they identified?
12 pairs
They are identified by Roman numerals and location - olfactory/smell.
How many spinal nerves are there?
31 pairs.
The afferent neurons are . . .
sensory, in the PNS, and carry impulses to CNS
The efferent neurons are . . .
motor, in the PNS, and carry impulses away from CNS. ** motor = away
The ANS is voluntary or involuntary?
Involuntary
*heart rate, digestion, respiration, etc.
The ANS is divided into 2 subdivisions:
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Define meningitis:
Inflammation of the meninges Bacterial or Viral Bacterial is the most serious/20% fatality rated Viral is the most common Both have nuchal rigidity - stiff neck.
Define sciatica:
Neuritis involving the inflamed sciatic nerve - pain radiates down the thigh and leg.
Guillain-Barre syndrome is . . .
An autoimmune disorder where the body attacks its own myelin. It is caused by a triggering event (infection stress, trauma). The patient recovers over days or months with corticosteroid treatment.
A CVA is . . .
A cerebrovascular accident. This is a disorder of blood vessels in the brain and results from blood clots, aneurysms, or hemorrhage.
Aphasia can happen with a stroke. Define aphasia.
Comprehension/communication disorder resulting from brain injury (trauma/stroke).
A CVA (stroke) is the ________ highest cause of death in the U.S.
3rd
Diabetic neuropathy is . . .
a chronic, slowly progressive condition that affects peripheral nerves. It can involve neuralgia and paraesthesia.
Define neuralgia:
Nerve pain
Define paresthesia:
Changes in sensation - numbness or tingling
Diabetic neuropathy is caused by:
Arteriosclerosis - hardening of the arteries.
Epilepsy is a seizure disorder and has what type of seizures?
Grand mal (convulsive), also called tonic/clonic, and petit mal - a brief loss of contact with reality.
Parkinson’s disease is a . . .
reduction in dopamine production by neurons and produces tremors.
SELF-QUIZ:
What is the junction between two neurons called?
Synapse
What is the name of a chemical substance secreted into the synaptic cleft?
Neurotransmitter
What are ventricles and how many do we have?
Cavities within the brain containing CSF - 4
What are the 4 types of neuroglial cells found in the CNS?
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Microglial cells
Ependymal cells
What is an afferent nerve?
Sensory nerve - carries impulses toward the CNS - brain/spinal cord.
What is an axon?
A neuronal process that carries action potentials away from the cell body.
What is the function of neuroglial cells?
To provide support and protection for neurons.
What are meninges and what are their names?
3 protective membranes located between the CNS and surrounding bones.
Pia mater, Arachnoid mater, Dura mater
Where is the cerebellum located?
At the base of the brain, behind the cerebrum.
What is a sulcus?
Indention in the brain’s surface area.
What is sciatica?
Neuritis involving the sciatic nerve, pain radiates down the thigh and leg.
What is the function of the blood-brain barrier?
It limits the access of blood materials to brain tissue and protects the brain from blood level fluctuations.
What is a gyrus?
Elevation in the brain’s surface area.
What is a Schwann cell and where is it found?
A neuroglial cell that protects axons in PNS. Schwann cells make up the myelin.
What is an action potential?
An electrochemical signal created by and conducted along the axon of a neuron.
What is an effector?
Glands and muscles that receive impulses to respond to stimulus.
What is the somatic nervous system?
A division of the PNS that is voluntary and controls the skeletal muscles.
What is meningitis?
Inflammation of the meninges, Caused by bacteria/virus Bacterial is the most serious (20% fatality) Viral is the most common Nuchal rigidity with both.
Where is gray matter located?
Brain and spinal cord
What kind of cells line the ventricles?
Ependymal
What are interneurons?
Neurons that carry impulses within the CNS from sensory to motor.
What is a CVA?
Cerebrovascular accident (stroke)
How many pairs of cranial nerves do we have?
12
Name the 3 parts of a neuron:
Cell body
Dendrites
Axon
Name an excitatory neurotransmitter:
Acetylcholine
Is the autonomic nervous system voluntary?
No, involuntary.
Where does the spinal cord end?
2nd lumbar vertebra
What is the name of the toughest, outermost covering of the brain and spinal cord?
Dura mater
