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ESSENTIALS OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY > Ch. 8 Nervous System Study Guide and Self Quiz > Flashcards

Ch. 8 Nervous System Study Guide and Self Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 4 functions of the nervous system:

A

Detect internal/external changes
Analyze this info
Organize the info
Initiate appropriate response

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2
Q

Receptors . . .

A

receive impulses.

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3
Q

The effectors are . . .

A

glands and muscles.

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4
Q

Define CNS

A

Central Nervous System -

which are the brain and spinal cord.

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5
Q

Define PNS

A

Peripheral Nervous System -

which is the cranial/spinal nerves.

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6
Q

The PNS has 2 divisions. What are they?

A

SNS - somatic nervous system

ANS - autonomic nervous system

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7
Q

The SNS is . . .

A

voluntary and controls the skeletal muscles/movement.

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8
Q

The ANS is . . .

A

involuntary and controls heart rate, digestion, breathing, etc.

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9
Q

Name the 2 types of nerve tissue:

A

neurons and neuroglia

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10
Q

What are the 3 parts of a neuron?

A

cell body
one or more dendrites
one axon

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11
Q

Large dendrite and axons are usually covered in a sheath formed by . . .

A

Schwann cells in the PNS. Schwann cells form myelin.

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12
Q

Name the 3 functional types of neurons and where they are located:

A

Sensory (afferent) - carries impulses toward the CNS - brain/spinal cord
Motor (efferent) - carries impulses away from the CNS toward effectors - muscles/glands
Interneurons - carries impulses within the CNS from sensory to motor.

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13
Q

Which neurons are found in the PNS?

A

Motor and Sensory

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14
Q

Which neuron is found in the CNS?

A

Interneurons

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15
Q

Neuroglial cells provide ___________ and ___________ for neurons.

A

Support and Protection

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16
Q

Protects the CNS with ____________ and through ______________.

A

Oligodendrocytes

myelin (sheath).

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17
Q

The PNS has 1 type of neuroglial cell . . .

A

Schwann cell - Protects axons

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18
Q

The CNS has 4 types of neuroglial cells . . .

A

Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Microglial Cells
Ependymal Cells

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19
Q

Oligodendrocytes do what?

A

Covers the axons to form the myelin sheath of myelinated neurons.

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20
Q

Astrocytes do what?

A

Star-shaped forms the blood-brain barrier. This keeps harmful substances from getting to the brain tissue.

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21
Q

Microglial cells do what?

A

Engulf and digest debris and pathogens. They are phagocytic.

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22
Q

CNS neuroglial cells do not conduct _______.

A

Impulses

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23
Q

What is the purpose of CNS neuroglial cells?

A

Protection and Support

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24
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Engulfing and absorbing bacteria and other small cells and particles.

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25
Q

The brain is protected by the ___________ and the spinal cord is protected by the ___________.

A

Cranial bones and vertebrae.

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26
Q

Both the brain and spinal cord are covered by:

A

Meninges

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27
Q

What are the 3 meninges?

A

Pia mater - innermost, lining brain/spinal cord
Arachnoid mater - Middle membrane, spiderweb looking
Dura mater - tough, fibrous, outermost layer

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28
Q

What are the 6 divisions/sections of the brain?

A 
Cerebrum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Brainstem
Cerebellum
Ventricles
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29
Q

The cerebrum has 2 hemispheres and is divided into?

A

4 lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
These lobes are in the same area as the named bones.
The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain.

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30
Q

Gyri and sulci increase?

A

the brain’s surface area.

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31
Q

Gyri are the . . .

A

elevations (hills) of the brain’s surface.

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32
Q

Sulci are the . . . .

A

indentations (valleys) of the brain’s surface.

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33
Q

The thalamus is located . . .

A

in the center, and is the relay station for sensory nerve impulses.

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34
Q

The hypothalamus regulates . . .

A

body temperature and appetite.

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35
Q

The brainstem is at the . . .

A

base of the brain.

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36
Q

The brainstem includes:

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata

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37
Q

The brainstem controls . . .

A

vital organs, arousal, digestion

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38
Q

The cerebellum is responsible for?

A

Coordination and balance.

39
Q

Where is the cerebellum located?

A

At the base of the brain, behind the cerebrum. It looks like a walnut.

40
Q

The ventricles are . . .

A

4 cavities within the brain. They are lined with ependymal cells and are filled with CSF.

41
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid is secreted from the?

A

Choroid plexus in each ventricle.

42
Q

The blood-brain barrier limits access of blood materials to brain tissue and . . .

A

protects the brain from fluctuations in blood levels.

43
Q

The spinal cord extends down to what vertebra

A

2nd lumbar

44
Q

Gray matter is located interiorly and is surrounded by

A

white matter.

45
Q

Gray matter contains no. . .

A

myelin. It has cell bodies only which equal the gray color.

46
Q

White matter is . . .

A

neurons with myelinated axons that conduct impulses faster.

47
Q

Cranial and spinal nerves are located in which system?

A

PNS

48
Q

How many cranial nerves are there and how are they identified?

A

12 pairs

They are identified by Roman numerals and location - olfactory/smell.

49
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs.

50
Q

The afferent neurons are . . .

A

sensory, in the PNS, and carry impulses to CNS

51
Q

The efferent neurons are . . .

A

motor, in the PNS, and carry impulses away from CNS. ** motor = away

52
Q

The ANS is voluntary or involuntary?

A

Involuntary

*heart rate, digestion, respiration, etc.

53
Q

The ANS is divided into 2 subdivisions:

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

54
Q

Define meningitis:

A 
Inflammation of the meninges
Bacterial or Viral
Bacterial is the most serious/20% fatality rated
Viral is the most common
Both have nuchal rigidity - stiff neck.
55
Q

Define sciatica:

A

Neuritis involving the inflamed sciatic nerve - pain radiates down the thigh and leg.

56
Q

Guillain-Barre syndrome is . . .

A

An autoimmune disorder where the body attacks its own myelin. It is caused by a triggering event (infection stress, trauma). The patient recovers over days or months with corticosteroid treatment.

57
Q

A CVA is . . .

A

A cerebrovascular accident. This is a disorder of blood vessels in the brain and results from blood clots, aneurysms, or hemorrhage.

58
Q

Aphasia can happen with a stroke. Define aphasia.

A

Comprehension/communication disorder resulting from brain injury (trauma/stroke).

59
Q

A CVA (stroke) is the ________ highest cause of death in the U.S.

A

3rd

60
Q

Diabetic neuropathy is . . .

A

a chronic, slowly progressive condition that affects peripheral nerves. It can involve neuralgia and paraesthesia.

61
Q

Define neuralgia:

A

Nerve pain

62
Q

Define paresthesia:

A

Changes in sensation - numbness or tingling

63
Q

Diabetic neuropathy is caused by:

A

Arteriosclerosis - hardening of the arteries.

64
Q

Epilepsy is a seizure disorder and has what type of seizures?

A

Grand mal (convulsive), also called tonic/clonic, and petit mal - a brief loss of contact with reality.

65
Q

Parkinson’s disease is a . . .

A

reduction in dopamine production by neurons and produces tremors.

66
Q

SELF-QUIZ:

What is the junction between two neurons called?

A

Synapse

67
Q

What is the name of a chemical substance secreted into the synaptic cleft?

A

Neurotransmitter

68
Q

What are ventricles and how many do we have?

A

Cavities within the brain containing CSF - 4

69
Q

What are the 4 types of neuroglial cells found in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Microglial cells
Ependymal cells

70
Q

What is an afferent nerve?

A

Sensory nerve - carries impulses toward the CNS - brain/spinal cord.

71
Q

What is an axon?

A

A neuronal process that carries action potentials away from the cell body.

72
Q

What is the function of neuroglial cells?

A

To provide support and protection for neurons.

73
Q

What are meninges and what are their names?

A

3 protective membranes located between the CNS and surrounding bones.
Pia mater, Arachnoid mater, Dura mater

74
Q

Where is the cerebellum located?

A

At the base of the brain, behind the cerebrum.

75
Q

What is a sulcus?

A

Indention in the brain’s surface area.

76
Q

What is sciatica?

A

Neuritis involving the sciatic nerve, pain radiates down the thigh and leg.

77
Q

What is the function of the blood-brain barrier?

A

It limits the access of blood materials to brain tissue and protects the brain from blood level fluctuations.

78
Q

What is a gyrus?

A

Elevation in the brain’s surface area.

79
Q

What is a Schwann cell and where is it found?

A

A neuroglial cell that protects axons in PNS. Schwann cells make up the myelin.

80
Q

What is an action potential?

A

An electrochemical signal created by and conducted along the axon of a neuron.

81
Q

What is an effector?

A

Glands and muscles that receive impulses to respond to stimulus.

82
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

A division of the PNS that is voluntary and controls the skeletal muscles.

83
Q

What is meningitis?

A 
Inflammation of the meninges,
Caused by bacteria/virus
Bacterial is the most serious (20% fatality)
Viral is the most common
Nuchal rigidity with both.
84
Q

Where is gray matter located?

A

Brain and spinal cord

85
Q

What kind of cells line the ventricles?

A

Ependymal

86
Q

What are interneurons?

A

Neurons that carry impulses within the CNS from sensory to motor.

87
Q

What is a CVA?

A

Cerebrovascular accident (stroke)

88
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves do we have?

A

12

89
Q

Name the 3 parts of a neuron:

A

Cell body
Dendrites
Axon

90
Q

Name an excitatory neurotransmitter:

A

Acetylcholine

91
Q

Is the autonomic nervous system voluntary?

A

No, involuntary.

92
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

2nd lumbar vertebra

93
Q

What is the name of the toughest, outermost covering of the brain and spinal cord?

A

Dura mater

ESSENTIALS OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY (2 decks)

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