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ESSENTIALS OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY > Ch 6 Skeletal System Study Guide & Self Quiz > Flashcards

Ch 6 Skeletal System Study Guide & Self Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system?

A
  • Support
  • Protection (rib cage, cranium, vertebrae, pelvic girdle)
  • Skeletal muscle attachment sites
  • Blood cell production (RBC, WBC, platelets - bone marrow)
  • Mineral storage - calcium phosphate
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2
Q

Define epiphysis:

A

End of long bone
Covered by periosteum
Protects bone and provides smooth surface for articulation
Contains red marrow

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3
Q

Define diaphysis:

A

Shaft of long bone
Covered by periosteum
Contains yellow bone marrow

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4
Q

Define osteon:

A

Microscopic structural unit of compact bone

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5
Q

Define foramen:

A

Place where blood vessels and nerves enter bone - pass through

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6
Q

Examples of foramen (4)

A

Intervertebral foramen
Foramen magnum
Mental foramen
Sacral foramen

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7
Q

Define ossification:

A

Bone formation

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8
Q

Define osteoblasts:

A

Bone forming cells

Deposit bone matrix

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9
Q

Define osteocytes:

A

Mature bone cells

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10
Q

Define osteoclasts:

A

Cells that remove bone matrix

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11
Q

Name 2 types of bone ossification:

A

Intramembranous

Endochondral

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12
Q

Intramembranous bone ossification:

A

Forms most skull bones
Starts with CT
Later CT cells become osteoblasts
Deposit spongy bone in center of bone - then compact bone is laid

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13
Q

Endochondral bone ossification:

A

Forms most bones in the body
Starts in the middle of bone
Bone replace cartilage

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14
Q

More physical activity =

A

More dense bones

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15
Q

Older people have brittle bones because:

A

Less protein fibers in their bone matrix

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16
Q

What makes up the axial skeleton?

A

Skull
Vertebrae
Thoracic cage

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17
Q

Define mastoid process:

A

Bony projection from the inferior temporal bone - behind the ear

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18
Q

Define styloid process:

A

Point of attachment for ligaments that go to the hyoid bone

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19
Q

Define hyoid bone:

A

Anterior neck - below the mandible
U-shaped - not attached to any other bones
Anchors muscles of tongue and larynx

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20
Q

Name the 4 sinuses:

A

Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Maxillary
Frontal

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21
Q

Name the 4 sutures:

A

Sagittal suture - joins 2 parietal bones
Coronal suture - joins frontal to parietal bones
Lamboidal suture - joins occipital to parietal bones
Squamosal suture - joins temporal to parietal bones

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22
Q

A fontanel is a . . .

A

soft spot

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23
Q

There are 24 moveable vertebrae - describe:

A

Cervical - 7
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacrum

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24
Q

Intervertebral disks do what?

A

Cushions/shock absorbers

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25
Q

Cervical vertebrae, C1, and C2 are called?

A 
C1 = Atlas
C2 = Axis
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26
Q

Ribs attach to . . .

A

the thoracic vertebrae.

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27
Q

The thoracic cage provides protection for . . .?

A

The heart and lungs.

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28
Q

The lumbar is the __________ of the vertebrae.

A

largest

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29
Q

The lumbar provides ________ for _______.

A

large surface area

back muscles

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30
Q

The sacrum is comprised of?

A

5 fused vertebrae

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31
Q

The coccyx is also called what?

A

Tailbone

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32
Q

What is a spinous process and where is it located?

A

Long, bony projection on the back of vertebrae

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33
Q

What is the nucleus pulposus?

A

The inside of a disk = gelatinous substance.

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34
Q

If a nucleus pulposus is herniated, what action is taken?

A

Laminectomy

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35
Q

What is a transverse process?

A

Smaller projections on each side of the vertebrae.

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36
Q

Where is the intervertebral foramen located?

A

Between vertebrae.

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37
Q

What is the purpose of the intervertebral foramen?

A

It is where the blood vessels and nerves pass.

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38
Q

Describe intervertebral disks:

A

Circular disks with 2 flat surfaces.

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39
Q

How many ribs are there?

A

12

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40
Q

Into what designations are the ribs divided?

A

7 pairs attach to the sternum = true ribs

5 pairs of false ribs

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41
Q

What is the xiphoid process?

A

The little point at the end of the sternum.

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42
Q

What makes up the appendicular skeleton?

A

Pectoral girdle
Pelvic girdle
Upper extremities
Lower extremities

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43
Q

What is the acromion and where is it located?

A

Bony projection off the scapula.

Attaches to the clavicle.

44
Q

What is the coracoid process?

A

A small finger-like projection.

It is the point of muscle attachment.

45
Q

What is the glenoid fossa and what is its purpose?

A

The head of the humerus.

Joins the scapula to make the shoulder joint.

46
Q

The olecranon is what?

A

Elbow at the end of the ulna.

47
Q

How many bones are in the carpals?

A

8 - (wrist)

48
Q

How many bones are in the metacarpals?

A

5 - (palm of the hand)

49
Q

What are phalanges?

A

Fingers

50
Q

Describe the pelvic girdle:

A

2 coxal bones that make up the hip bones; iliac crest and ischium.

51
Q

What is the acetabulum?

A

The deep socket of the hip; the head of the femur sits here.

52
Q

What is the symphysis pubis?

A

The cartilaginous joint where two pubic bones meet.

53
Q

What are tarsals?

A

Ankle bones

54
Q

What are metatarsals?

A

Bones of the foot arch.

55
Q

What are phalanges?

A

Toes (or fingers).

56
Q

Define malleolus:

A

End of the tibia/fibula = ankle.

medial and lateral

57
Q

The meniscus is a cartilage pad found ….?

A

In synovial joints (knee).

58
Q

What are the 4 ligaments of the knee?

A

ACL - anterior cruciate ligament
PCL - posterior cruciate ligament
MCL - medial collateral ligament
LCL - lateral collateral ligament

59
Q

The immovable joints are:

A

Skull bones, except the mandible.

60
Q

Slightly movable joints are:

A

Vertebrae

61
Q

Freely movable joints are:

A

Ends of bones covered by articular cartilage and lubricated with synovial fluid.

62
Q

A complete fracture is:

A

Broken into 2 parts.

63
Q

A compound fracture . . .

A

breaks through the skin.

64
Q

Describe a greenstick fracture:

A

Incomplete on one side of the bone bowed on the opposite side.

65
Q

A comminuted fracture is . . .

A

broken into several fragments.

66
Q

What is an impacted fracture?

A

Where one bone is forced into another bone.

67
Q

Describe a Colles fracture:

A

A distal radius fracture (fx) caused by falling on an outstretched hand.

68
Q

Define osteoporosis:

A

A gradual loss of bone matrix in elderly people.

69
Q

Rickets is weakened bones caused by?

A

A deficiency of calcium and Vitamin D, typically in children.

70
Q

Arthritis is. . .

A

joint inflammation and pain.

71
Q

What is kyphosis?

A

Excessive thoracic curve - humpback.

72
Q

What is lordosis?

A

Excessive lumbar curve - swayback.

73
Q

Scoliosis is . . .

A

an abnormal lateral curve of the spine.

74
Q

Dextroscoliosis is . . .

A

an abnormal right curve of the spine.

75
Q

Levoscoliosis is . . .

A

an abnormal left curve of the spine.

76
Q

Where is the radius located?

A

Forearm - appendicular skeleton.

77
Q

What is a foramen and where would they be found?

A

An opening in the bone where blood vessels and nerves enter. This would be found in any bone where blood vessels and nerves pass.

78
Q

What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system?

A
  • Support
  • Protection (ribcage, cranium, vertebrae, pelvic girdle)
  • Skeletal muscle attachment sites
  • Blood cell production (RBCs, WBCs, platelets formed in spongy bones - red marrow)
  • Mineral storage - calcium phosphate
79
Q

What is the difference between a diaphysis and epiphysis?

A

Diaphysis - the shaft of long bone

Epiphysis - the end of long bone

80
Q

What is kyphosis?

A

Humpback - excessive thoracic curve

81
Q

Where is the scapula located?

A

On the upper back - shoulder blade

82
Q

What is a patella?

A

Kneecap

83
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

Dense CT enveloping bones EXCEPT at joint surfaces

84
Q

What makes up the axial skeleton?

A

skull, vertebrae, thoracic cage

85
Q

Where is the occipital lobe?

A

Back of the head, rear part of the upper brain

86
Q

What is the function of the lumbar spine?

A

Bear the weight of the body

87
Q

Where are the metatarsals?

A

Foot arch bone

88
Q

What is the difference between adduction and abduction?

A

adduction - add to the midline

abduction - away from the midline

89
Q

Where is the humerus found?

A

Upper arm

90
Q

What is ossification?

A

Bone formation

91
Q

Where is red marrow found?

A

Epiphysis (of bone).

92
Q

What is formed in the red marrow?

A

Blood cells

93
Q

Where is the maxilla?

A

Face/upper jaw

94
Q

Where is the coronal suture?

A

It joins frontal to parietal bones.

95
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12

96
Q

Where is the xiphoid process?

A

The little point at the end of the sternum.

97
Q

What is the coccyx?

A

Tailbone

98
Q

Where is the fibula?

A

Outer bone of the lower leg

99
Q

What is a greenstick fracture?

A

Broken on one side - bowed on the other

100
Q

Where is the parietal bone?

A

Skull

101
Q

Where is the squamosal suture located?

A

Skull - temporal to parietal bones

102
Q

Where is the ulna?

A

Inner (medial) bone of the lower arm.

103
Q

What is lordosis?

A

Swayback - excessive lumbar curve

104
Q

What makes up the appendicular skeleton?

A

Pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, upper and lower extremities

105
Q

Where is the clavicle?

A

collar bone - runs from the breastbone to each shoulder

106
Q

Where are the metacarpals located?

A

Palm of the hand

ESSENTIALS OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY (2 decks)

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