Ch 6 Skeletal System Study Guide & Self Quiz Flashcards
What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system?
- Support
- Protection (rib cage, cranium, vertebrae, pelvic girdle)
- Skeletal muscle attachment sites
- Blood cell production (RBC, WBC, platelets - bone marrow)
- Mineral storage - calcium phosphate
Define epiphysis:
End of long bone
Covered by periosteum
Protects bone and provides smooth surface for articulation
Contains red marrow
Define diaphysis:
Shaft of long bone
Covered by periosteum
Contains yellow bone marrow
Define osteon:
Microscopic structural unit of compact bone
Define foramen:
Place where blood vessels and nerves enter bone - pass through
Examples of foramen (4)
Intervertebral foramen
Foramen magnum
Mental foramen
Sacral foramen
Define ossification:
Bone formation
Define osteoblasts:
Bone forming cells
Deposit bone matrix
Define osteocytes:
Mature bone cells
Define osteoclasts:
Cells that remove bone matrix
Name 2 types of bone ossification:
Intramembranous
Endochondral
Intramembranous bone ossification:
Forms most skull bones
Starts with CT
Later CT cells become osteoblasts
Deposit spongy bone in center of bone - then compact bone is laid
Endochondral bone ossification:
Forms most bones in the body
Starts in the middle of bone
Bone replace cartilage
More physical activity =
More dense bones
Older people have brittle bones because:
Less protein fibers in their bone matrix
What makes up the axial skeleton?
Skull
Vertebrae
Thoracic cage
Define mastoid process:
Bony projection from the inferior temporal bone - behind the ear
Define styloid process:
Point of attachment for ligaments that go to the hyoid bone
Define hyoid bone:
Anterior neck - below the mandible
U-shaped - not attached to any other bones
Anchors muscles of tongue and larynx
Name the 4 sinuses:
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Maxillary
Frontal
Name the 4 sutures:
Sagittal suture - joins 2 parietal bones
Coronal suture - joins frontal to parietal bones
Lamboidal suture - joins occipital to parietal bones
Squamosal suture - joins temporal to parietal bones
A fontanel is a . . .
soft spot
There are 24 moveable vertebrae - describe:
Cervical - 7
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacrum
Intervertebral disks do what?
Cushions/shock absorbers
Cervical vertebrae, C1, and C2 are called?
C1 = Atlas C2 = Axis
Ribs attach to . . .
the thoracic vertebrae.
The thoracic cage provides protection for . . .?
The heart and lungs.
The lumbar is the __________ of the vertebrae.
largest
The lumbar provides ________ for _______.
large surface area
back muscles
The sacrum is comprised of?
5 fused vertebrae
The coccyx is also called what?
Tailbone
What is a spinous process and where is it located?
Long, bony projection on the back of vertebrae
What is the nucleus pulposus?
The inside of a disk = gelatinous substance.
If a nucleus pulposus is herniated, what action is taken?
Laminectomy
What is a transverse process?
Smaller projections on each side of the vertebrae.
Where is the intervertebral foramen located?
Between vertebrae.
What is the purpose of the intervertebral foramen?
It is where the blood vessels and nerves pass.
Describe intervertebral disks:
Circular disks with 2 flat surfaces.
How many ribs are there?
12
Into what designations are the ribs divided?
7 pairs attach to the sternum = true ribs
5 pairs of false ribs
What is the xiphoid process?
The little point at the end of the sternum.
What makes up the appendicular skeleton?
Pectoral girdle
Pelvic girdle
Upper extremities
Lower extremities
What is the acromion and where is it located?
Bony projection off the scapula.
Attaches to the clavicle.
What is the coracoid process?
A small finger-like projection.
It is the point of muscle attachment.
What is the glenoid fossa and what is its purpose?
The head of the humerus.
Joins the scapula to make the shoulder joint.
The olecranon is what?
Elbow at the end of the ulna.
How many bones are in the carpals?
8 - (wrist)
How many bones are in the metacarpals?
5 - (palm of the hand)
What are phalanges?
Fingers
Describe the pelvic girdle:
2 coxal bones that make up the hip bones; iliac crest and ischium.
What is the acetabulum?
The deep socket of the hip; the head of the femur sits here.
What is the symphysis pubis?
The cartilaginous joint where two pubic bones meet.
What are tarsals?
Ankle bones
What are metatarsals?
Bones of the foot arch.
What are phalanges?
Toes (or fingers).
Define malleolus:
End of the tibia/fibula = ankle.
medial and lateral
The meniscus is a cartilage pad found ….?
In synovial joints (knee).
What are the 4 ligaments of the knee?
ACL - anterior cruciate ligament
PCL - posterior cruciate ligament
MCL - medial collateral ligament
LCL - lateral collateral ligament
The immovable joints are:
Skull bones, except the mandible.
Slightly movable joints are:
Vertebrae
Freely movable joints are:
Ends of bones covered by articular cartilage and lubricated with synovial fluid.
A complete fracture is:
Broken into 2 parts.
A compound fracture . . .
breaks through the skin.
Describe a greenstick fracture:
Incomplete on one side of the bone bowed on the opposite side.
A comminuted fracture is . . .
broken into several fragments.
What is an impacted fracture?
Where one bone is forced into another bone.
Describe a Colles fracture:
A distal radius fracture (fx) caused by falling on an outstretched hand.
Define osteoporosis:
A gradual loss of bone matrix in elderly people.
Rickets is weakened bones caused by?
A deficiency of calcium and Vitamin D, typically in children.
Arthritis is. . .
joint inflammation and pain.
What is kyphosis?
Excessive thoracic curve - humpback.
What is lordosis?
Excessive lumbar curve - swayback.
Scoliosis is . . .
an abnormal lateral curve of the spine.
Dextroscoliosis is . . .
an abnormal right curve of the spine.
Levoscoliosis is . . .
an abnormal left curve of the spine.
Where is the radius located?
Forearm - appendicular skeleton.
What is a foramen and where would they be found?
An opening in the bone where blood vessels and nerves enter. This would be found in any bone where blood vessels and nerves pass.
What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system?
- Support
- Protection (ribcage, cranium, vertebrae, pelvic girdle)
- Skeletal muscle attachment sites
- Blood cell production (RBCs, WBCs, platelets formed in spongy bones - red marrow)
- Mineral storage - calcium phosphate
What is the difference between a diaphysis and epiphysis?
Diaphysis - the shaft of long bone
Epiphysis - the end of long bone
What is kyphosis?
Humpback - excessive thoracic curve
Where is the scapula located?
On the upper back - shoulder blade
What is a patella?
Kneecap
What is the periosteum?
Dense CT enveloping bones EXCEPT at joint surfaces
What makes up the axial skeleton?
skull, vertebrae, thoracic cage
Where is the occipital lobe?
Back of the head, rear part of the upper brain
What is the function of the lumbar spine?
Bear the weight of the body
Where are the metatarsals?
Foot arch bone
What is the difference between adduction and abduction?
adduction - add to the midline
abduction - away from the midline
Where is the humerus found?
Upper arm
What is ossification?
Bone formation
Where is red marrow found?
Epiphysis (of bone).
What is formed in the red marrow?
Blood cells
Where is the maxilla?
Face/upper jaw
Where is the coronal suture?
It joins frontal to parietal bones.
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12
Where is the xiphoid process?
The little point at the end of the sternum.
What is the coccyx?
Tailbone
Where is the fibula?
Outer bone of the lower leg
What is a greenstick fracture?
Broken on one side - bowed on the other
Where is the parietal bone?
Skull
Where is the squamosal suture located?
Skull - temporal to parietal bones
Where is the ulna?
Inner (medial) bone of the lower arm.
What is lordosis?
Swayback - excessive lumbar curve
What makes up the appendicular skeleton?
Pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, upper and lower extremities
Where is the clavicle?
collar bone - runs from the breastbone to each shoulder
Where are the metacarpals located?
Palm of the hand
