ch 8 memory

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

processes involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present

Question 2

information processing approach

Answer 2

a processing system that encodes, stores, and retrieves information

Question 3

processes of memory

Answer 3

encoding, storage, retrieval

Question 4

encoding

Answer 4

translating information into a neural code so that it can be stored for later use (soaking in/learning info)

Question 5

storage

Answer 5

process by which information is retained over time (keep it saved in mind database)

Question 6

retrieval

Answer 6

pulling information back out of your mind for use (open back up)

Question 7

three component model

Answer 7

sensory memory,
short term/working memory,
long term memory

Question 8

sensory memory

Answer 8

shortest memory,
briefly holds sensory information,
held together by sensory registers,
two types of sensory registers:
iconic store - holds visual information, lasts fraction of a second
echoic store - holds auditory information, lasts 2 secs

Question 9

sensory registers

Answer 9

subsystems of sensory memory, initial information processes

Question 10

measuring sensory memory

Answer 10

capacity - how many pieces of information can we hold, how much can you remember
duration - how long we can hold that info for
whole report - shows all the letters
partial report - showed only some letters

Question 11

short term memory/working memory

Answer 11

temporarily stores and process a limited amount of information in consciousness
important info from sensory passes on to short term
limited capacity (7 plus or minus 2 “bits)
limited duration (20 sec)

Question 12

testing short term memory

Answer 12

given a list of words, recall as many as you can

Question 13

information storage in STM/WM

Answer 13

visually (images)
phonologically (sounds)
semantically (meaning)
action (motor patterns

Question 14

chunking (increasing stm capacity)

Answer 14

group units into larger “bits” to make it easier to remember, split a phone number into three parts to remember easily

Question 15

increasing stm duration

Answer 15

control processes:
maintenance rehearsal (simple repetition)
elaborative rehearsal (focus on meaning, connect to something to remember more easily)

Question 16

working memory

Answer 16

limited capacity system for storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks,
holding information in active memory to “work on” and manipulate
information lasts about 20 secs

Question 17

long term memory

Answer 17

library of memories,
durable storage of past event and learned knowledge,
unlimited storage capacity,
can endure for a lifetime,
split into declarative and procedural

Question 18

declarative memory/explicit memory

Answer 18

can be verbalized,
split into episodic: personal experiences, episodes
semantic: general factual knowledge

Question 19

procedural memory/implicit memory

Answer 19

cannot be verbalized,
skills and actions, task driven

Question 20

anterograde amnesia

Answer 20

loss of ability to assimilate and retain new knowledge

Question 21

retrograde amnesia

Answer 21

loss of memory for events that have happened in the past

Question 22

H.M. (henry molaison)

Answer 22

removed temporal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala
fixed the epilepsy but cause anterograde amnesia
excellent short term memory
provedural and declarative memory was fine because they are two different systems
working memory does not require medial temporal structures

Question 23

serial position effect

Answer 23

describes the relationship between a words position in a list and its probability of recall

Question 24

primacy effect

Answer 24

easier to remember things at the beginning of the list

Question 25

recency effect

Answer 25

easier to remember things at the end of the list, most recently

Question 26

Encoding information

Answer 26

How we get information into the brain

Question 27

Effortful processing

Answer 27

Intentional, effortful conscious process (studying)

Question 28

Automatic processing

Answer 28

unintentional process requiring minimal attention
(singing along to a song)

Question 29

mnemonic devices

Answer 29

mental strategies that aide in remembering information