ch 8 memory Flashcards
memory
processes involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present
information processing approach
a processing system that encodes, stores, and retrieves information
processes of memory
encoding, storage, retrieval
encoding
translating information into a neural code so that it can be stored for later use (soaking in/learning info)
storage
process by which information is retained over time (keep it saved in mind database)
retrieval
pulling information back out of your mind for use (open back up)
three component model
sensory memory,
short term/working memory,
long term memory
sensory memory
shortest memory,
briefly holds sensory information,
held together by sensory registers,
two types of sensory registers:
iconic store - holds visual information, lasts fraction of a second
echoic store - holds auditory information, lasts 2 secs
sensory registers
subsystems of sensory memory, initial information processes
measuring sensory memory
capacity - how many pieces of information can we hold, how much can you remember
duration - how long we can hold that info for
whole report - shows all the letters
partial report - showed only some letters
short term memory/working memory
temporarily stores and process a limited amount of information in consciousness
important info from sensory passes on to short term
limited capacity (7 plus or minus 2 “bits)
limited duration (20 sec)
testing short term memory
given a list of words, recall as many as you can
information storage in STM/WM
visually (images)
phonologically (sounds)
semantically (meaning)
action (motor patterns
chunking (increasing stm capacity)
group units into larger “bits” to make it easier to remember, split a phone number into three parts to remember easily
increasing stm duration
control processes:
maintenance rehearsal (simple repetition)
elaborative rehearsal (focus on meaning, connect to something to remember more easily)
working memory
limited capacity system for storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks,
holding information in active memory to “work on” and manipulate
information lasts about 20 secs
long term memory
library of memories,
durable storage of past event and learned knowledge,
unlimited storage capacity,
can endure for a lifetime,
split into declarative and procedural
declarative memory/explicit memory
can be verbalized,
split into episodic: personal experiences, episodes
semantic: general factual knowledge
procedural memory/implicit memory
cannot be verbalized,
skills and actions, task driven
anterograde amnesia
loss of ability to assimilate and retain new knowledge
retrograde amnesia
loss of memory for events that have happened in the past
H.M. (henry molaison)
removed temporal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala
fixed the epilepsy but cause anterograde amnesia
excellent short term memory
provedural and declarative memory was fine because they are two different systems
working memory does not require medial temporal structures
serial position effect
describes the relationship between a words position in a list and its probability of recall
primacy effect
easier to remember things at the beginning of the list
recency effect
easier to remember things at the end of the list, most recently
Encoding information
How we get information into the brain
Effortful processing
Intentional, effortful conscious process (studying)
Automatic processing
unintentional process requiring minimal attention
(singing along to a song)
mnemonic devices
mental strategies that aide in remembering information
