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Bio241 > Ch 8 joints > Flashcards

Ch 8 joints Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Functional Classification of Joints ?

Hint: SAD

A

Three functional classifications:

  • Synarthroses—immovable
  • Amphiarthroses—slightly movable
  • Diarthroses—freely movable
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2
Q

What are the Structural classifications of joints?

A

Based on material binding bones together and whether or not a joint cavity is present

Three structural classifications:
• Fibrous
• Cartilaginous
• Synovial

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3
Q

Fibrous Joints are?

A

•Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue •No joint cavity •Most are synarthrotic (immovable) Three types: •Sutures •Syndesmoses •Gomphoses

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4
Q

Fibrous Joints: Sutures?

A

•Rigid, interlocking joints containing short connective tissue fibers •Allow for growth during youth •In middle age, sutures ossify and are called synostoses

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5
Q

Fibrous Joints: Syndesmoses?

A

•Bones connected by ligaments (bands of fibrous tissue) •Movement varies from immovable to slightly movable Examples: •Synarthrotic distal tibiofibular joint •Diarthrotic interosseous connection between radius and ulna

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6
Q

Fibrous Joints: Gomphoses?

A

•Peg-in-socket joints of teeth in alveolar sockets •Fibrous connection is the periodontal ligament

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7
Q

Cartilaginous Joints?

A

•Bones united by cartilage •No joint cavity Two types: •Synchondroses •Symphyses

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8
Q

Cartilaginous Joints: Synchondroses?

A

•A bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones •All are synarthrotic

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9
Q

Cartilaginous Joints: Symphyses?

A

•Hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surfaces and is fused to an intervening pad of fibrocartilage •Strong, flexible amphiarthroses

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10
Q

Synovial Joints?

A

•All are diarthrotic •Include all limb joints; most joints of the body

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11
Q

Synovial Joints Distinguishing features? (AJ Star)

A

1.Articular cartilage: hyaline cartilage 2.Joint (synovial) cavity: small potential space 3.Articular (joint) capsule: •Outer fibrous capsule of dense irregular connective tissue •Inner synovial membrane of loose connective tissue 4.Synovial fluid: •Viscous slippery filtrate of plasma + hyaluronic acid •Lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage 5.Three possible types of reinforcing ligaments: •Capsular (intrinsic)—part of the fibrous capsule •Extracapsular—outside the capsule •Intracapsular—deep to capsule; covered by synovial membrane 6.Rich nerve and blood vessel supply: •Nerve fibers detect pain, monitor joint position and stretch •Capillary beds produce filtrate for synovial fluid

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12
Q

Synovial Joints: Friction-Reducing Structures?

A

Bursae: •Flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes •Contain synovial fluid •Commonly act as “ball bearings” where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together Tendon sheath: •Elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon

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13
Q

What are the Stabilizing Factors at Synovial Joints?

A

•Shapes of articular surfaces (minor role) •Ligament number and location (limited role) •Muscle tone, which keeps tendons that cross the joint taut •Extremely important in reinforcing shoulder and knee joints and arches of the foot

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14
Q

Synovial Joints: Movement?

A

•Muscle attachments across a joint: •Origin—attachment to the immovable bone •Insertion—attachment to the movable bone •Muscle contraction causes the insertion to move toward the origin •Movements occur along transverse, frontal, or sagittal planes

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15
Q

Synovial Joints: Range of Motion?

A

•Nonaxial—slipping movements only •Uniaxial—movement in one plane •Biaxial—movement in two planes •Multiaxial—movement in or around all three planes

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16
Q

Name the Movements at Synovial Joints?

A

1.Gliding 2.Angular movements: •Flexion, extension, hyperextension •Abduction, adduction •Circumduction 3.Rotation •Medial and lateral rotation 4.Special movements •Supination, pronation •Dorsiflexion, plantar flexion of the foot •Inversion, eversion •Protraction, retraction •Elevation, depression •Opposition

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17
Q

What are Gliding Movements?

A

•One flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface Examples: •Intercarpal joints •Intertarsal joints •Between articular processes of vertebrae

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18
Q

What are Angular Movements?

A

Movements that occur along the sagittal plane: • Flexion—decreases the angle of the joint • Extension— increases the angle of the joint • Hyperextension—excessive extension beyond normal range of motion Movements that occur along the frontal plane: • Abduction—movement away from the midline • Adduction—movement toward the midline • Circumduction—flexion + abduction + extension + adduction of a limb so as to describe a cone in space

19
Q

What is Rotation?

A

•The turning of a bone around its own long axis Examples: •Between C1 and C2 vertebrae •Rotation of humerus and femur

20
Q

Special Movements?

A

Movements of radius around ulna: •Supination (turning hand backward) •Pronation (turning hand forward) •Movements of the foot: •Dorsiflexion (upward movement) •Plantar flexion (downward movement) •Inversion (turn sole medially) •Eversion (turn sole laterally) •Movements in a transverse plane: •Protraction (anterior movement) •Retraction (posterior movement) •Elevation (lifting a body part superiorly) •Depression (moving a body part inferiorly) •Opposition of the thumb •Movement in the saddle joint so that the thumb touches the tips of the other fingers

21
Q

What are the Classification of Synovial Joints? Hint: PHPCSB

A

Six types, based on shape of articular surfaces: • Plane • Hinge • Pivot • Condyloid • Saddle • Ball and socket

22
Q

Plane Joints

A

• Nonaxial joints • Flat articular surfaces • Short gliding movements

23
Q

Hinge Joints

A

• Uniaxial joints • Motion along a single plane • Flexion and extension only

24
Q

Pivot Joints

A

• Rounded end of one bone conforms to a “sleeve,” or ring of another bone • Uniaxial movement only

25
Q

Condyloid (Ellipsoidal) Joints

A

• Biaxial joints • Both articular surfaces are oval • Permit all angular movements

26
Q

Saddle Joints

A

• Biaxial • Allow greater freedom of movement than condyloid joints • Each articular surface has both concave and convex areas

27
Q

Ball-and-Socket Joints

A

• Multiaxial joints • The most freely moving synovial joints

28
Q

Knee Joint

A

•Largest, most complex joint of body Three joints surrounded by a single joint cavity: Femoropatellar joint: •Plane joint •Allows gliding motion during knee flexion •Lateral and medial tibiofemoral joints between the femoral condyles and the C-shaped lateral and medial menisci (semilunar cartilages) of the tibia •Allow flexion, extension, and some rotation when knee is partly flexed •At least 12 associated bursae •Capsule is reinforced by muscle tendons: •E.g., quadriceps and semimembranosus tendons •Joint capsule is thin and absent anteriorly Anteriorly, the quadriceps tendon gives rise to: •Lateral and medial patellar retinacula •Patellar ligament •Capsular and extracapsular ligaments •Help prevent hyperextension Intracapsular ligaments: •Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments •Prevent anterior-posterior displacement •Reside outside the synovial cavity

29
Q

Shoulder (Glenohumeral) Joint

A

•Ball-and-socket joint: head of humerus and glenoid fossa of the scapula •Stability is sacrificed for greater freedom of movement •Reinforcing ligaments: •Coracohumeral ligament—helps support the weight of the upper limb •Three glenohumeral ligaments—somewhat weak anterior reinforcements •Reinforcing muscle tendons: •Tendon of the long head of biceps: •Travels through the intertubercular groove •Secures the humerus to the glenoid cavity •Four rotator cuff tendons encircle the shoulder joint: •Subscapularis •Supraspinatus •Infraspinatus •Teres minor

30
Q

Elbow Joint

A

•Radius and ulna articulate with the humerus •Hinge joint formed mainly by trochlear notch of ulna and trochlea of humerus •Flexion and extension only •Anular ligament—surrounds head of radius Two capsular ligaments restrict side-to-side movement: •Ulnar collateral ligament •Radial collateral ligament

31
Q

Hip (Coxal) Joint

A

•Ball-and-socket joint •Head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum •Good range of motion, but limited by the deep socket •Acetabular labrum—enhances depth of socket Reinforcing ligaments: •Iliofemoral ligament •Pubofemoral ligament •Ischiofemoral ligament •Ligamentum teres

32
Q

Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)

A

• Mandibular condyle articulates with the temporal bone • Two types of movement • Hinge—depression and elevation of mandible • Gliding—e.g. side-to-side (lateral excursion) grinding of teeth • Most easily dislocated joint in the body

33
Q

Common Joint Injuries • Sprains

A

• The ligaments are stretched or torn • Partial tears slowly repair themselves • Complete ruptures require prompt surgical repair

34
Q

Common Joint Injuries • Cartilage tears

A

• Due to compression and shear stress • Fragments may cause joint to lock or bind • Cartilage rarely repairs itself • Repaired with arthroscopic surgery

35
Q

Common Joint Injuries • Dislocations

A

AKA(luxations) • Occur when bones are forced out of alignment • Accompanied by sprains, inflammation, and joint immobilization • Caused by serious falls or playing sports

36
Q

Inflammatory and Degenerative Conditions

• Bursitis

A
  • An inflammation of a bursa, usually caused by a blow or friction
  • Treated with rest and ice and, if severe, anti-inflammatory drugs
  • Tendonitis
  • Inflammation of tendon sheaths typically caused by overuse
  • Symptoms and treatment similar to bursitis
37
Q

Inflammatory and Degenerative Conditions

Arthritis

A
  • >100 different types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage joints
  • Most widespread crippling disease in the U.S. • Symptoms; pain, stiffness, and swelling of a joint
  • Acute forms: caused by bacteria, treated with antibiotics • Chronic forms: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gouty arthritis
38
Q

Inflammatory and Degenerative Conditions

Osteoarthritis (OA)

A

Osteoarthritis (OA)

  • Common, irreversible, degenerative (“wear-and-tear”) arthritis
  • 85% of all Americans develop OA, more women than men • Probably related to the normal aging process
  • More cartilage is destroyed than replaced in badly aligned or overworked joints
  • Exposed bone ends thicken, enlarge, form bone spurs, and restrict movement • Treatment: moderate activity, mild pain relievers, capsaicin creams, glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate
39
Q

Inflammatory and Degenerative Conditions

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

A

• Chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease of unknown cause • Usually arises between age 40 and 50, but may occur at any age; affects 3 times as many women as men • Signs and symptoms include joint pain and swelling (usually bilateral), anemia, osteoporosis, muscle weakness, and cardiovascular problems • RA begins with synovitis of the affected joint • Inflammatory blood cells migrate to the joint, release inflammatory chemicals • Inflamed synovial membrane thickens into a pannus • Pannus erodes cartilage, scar tissue forms, articulating bone ends connect (ankylosis)

40
Q

Inflammatory and Degenerative Conditions

Rheumatoid Arthritis: Treatment

A

• Conservative therapy: aspirin, long-term use of antibiotics, and physical therapy • Progressive treatment: anti-inflammatory drugs or immunosuppressants • New biological response modifier drugs neutralize inflammatory chemicals

41
Q

Inflammatory and Degenerative Conditions Gouty Arthritis

A

• Deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues, followed by inflammation • More common in men • Typically affects the joint at the base of the great toe • In untreated gouty arthritis, the bone ends fuse and immobilize the joint • Treatment: drugs, plenty of water, avoidance of alcohol

42
Q

Inflammatory and Degenerative Conditions Lyme Disease

A

• Caused by bacteria transmitted by the bites of ticks • Symptoms: skin rash, flu-like symptoms, and foggy thinking • May lead to joint pain and arthritis • Treatment: antibiotics

43
Q

Developmental Aspects of Joints

A

• By embryonic week 8, synovial joints resemble adult joints • A joint’s size, shape, and flexibility are modified by use • Advancing years take their toll on joints: • Ligaments and tendons shorten and weaken • Intervertebral discs become more likely to herniate • Most people in their 70s have some degree of OA • Exercise that coaxes joints through their full range of motion is key to postponing joint problems

Bio241 (3 decks)

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