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Bio241 > CH 6-9 Review Q's > Flashcards

CH 6-9 Review Q's Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the skeletal system?

A
  1. Support
  2. Hematopoietic site
  3. Storage
  4. Povideing levers for muscle activity
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2
Q

A bone with approximately the same width, length, and height is most likely?

A

A Short Bone

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3
Q

The shaft of a long bone is properly called the?

A

Diaphysis

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4
Q

Sites of hematopoiesis include all but?

a. red marrow cavities of spongy bone
b. the diploe of flat bones
c. medullary cavities in bones of infants
d. medullary cavities in bones of a healthy adult

A

D. medullary cavities in bones of healthy adult

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5
Q

An osteon has?

a. a central canal carrying blood vessels
b. concentric lamellae
c. osteocytes in lacunae
d. canaliculi that connect lacunae to the central canal
e. all of these

A

e. all of these

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6
Q

The organic portion of matrix is important in providing all but?

a. Tensile Strength
b. hardness
c. ability to resit strethch
d. flexibility

A

b. hardness

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7
Q

The flat bones of the skull develop from?

A

Fiborous Connective Tissue

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8
Q

The remodeling of bone is a function of which cells?

A

Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts

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9
Q

Bone remodeling in adults is regulated and directed mainly by?

A

Mechanical Stress and PTH

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10
Q

Where within the epiphyseal plate are the dividing cartilage cells located?

A

Farthest from the shaft

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11
Q

Wolffs law is concerned with?

A

The thickness and shape of a bone being determined by mechanical and gravitaitional stesses placed on it

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12
Q

Formation of the bony callus in fracture repair is followed by?

A

bone remodeling to convert woven bone to compact bone

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13
Q

The fracture type in which bone ends are incompletely separated?

A

Greenstick

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14
Q

The disorder in which bones are porous and thin but bone composition is normal is?

A

Osteoporosis

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15
Q

What are the functions of bones?

A
  1. Support
  2. Protection
  3. Movement
  4. Mineral and Growth factor Storage
  5. Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)
  6. Triglyceride (fat) storage
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16
Q

Where is hyline cartilage found?

A

Catilage in nose, Cartilage of joint, Costal catilage, Thyroid cartilage, Trachea, cricoid cartilage, lung

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17
Q

Where is Elastic cartilage found?

A

Epiglottis, Cartilage in ear

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18
Q

Where is Fibrocartilage found?

A

Cartilage in intervertebral dic, meniscus , pubic symphysis

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19
Q

What are the stages of Endochondral Ossification in Long bone?

A
  1. Bone collar forms
  2. Cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calsifies then develops cavities
  3. Periuosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone develops
  4. The diaphysis elongates and medullary cavity forms
  5. The epiphyses Ossify
20
Q

What are the stages of Intramembranous Ossification?

A
  1. Ossification center appearin fiborous connective tissue
  2. Bone Matrix (osteoid) is secreted within fiborous membrane and calcifies
  3. Woven bone and periosteum form
  4. Lamellar bone replaces woven bone, red marrow appears
21
Q

Explain Bone Deposit?

A

Occurs when bone is injured or added strength is needed

osteocytes are marked by precence of osteoid seam (10-12 nm)

22
Q

Explain Bone Reorption?

A

accomplished by osteoclasts (break down bone)

23
Q

Match the key terms with the appropriate descriptions: Key: (a) fibrous joints (b) cartilaginous joints (c) synovial joints

  1. exhibit joint cavity
  2. types of sutures and syndesmoses
  3. bones connected by collagen fibers
  4. types include synchondroses and symphyses
  5. all are diarthrotic
  6. many are amphiarthrotic
  7. bones connected by disc of hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
  8. nearly all are synarthrotic
  9. shoulder, hip, jaw, and elbow joints
A
  1. synovial
  2. fibrous
  3. fibrous
  4. cartilaginous
  5. synovial
  6. cartilaginous
  7. cartilaginous
  8. fibrous
  9. synovial
24
Q

Freely movable joints are?

A

diarthrosis

25
Q

Anatomical characteristics of a synovial joint include?

a. articular cartilage
b. a joint cavity
c. an articular capsule
d. all of the above

A

d. all the above

26
Q

Factors that influence the stability of a synovial joint include?

a. shape of articular surface
b. precence of strong reinforcing ligaments
c. tone of surrounding muscles
d. all of these

A

d. all of these

27
Q

The description “ Articular surfaces deep and secure; capsule heavily reinforced by ligaments and muscle tendons; extremely stable joint” best decribes?

A

The hip joint

28
Q

Ankylosis means?

A

immobility of a joint due to fusion of its articular surfaces

29
Q

An autoimmune dissorderin which joints are affected billaterally and which involves pannus formation and gradual joint immobilization is ?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

30
Q

Structural classification of Joints

Synarthrosis= immovable joints

amphiarthrosis= slightly moveable

diarthrosis= freely moveable

A) Fiborous Joints(immovable):

   1. sutures    2. syndesmoses    3. gomphoses

B) Cartilaginous Joints (not highly moveable)

  1. synchondroses        2. symphyses

C) Synovial Joints (freely moveable)

A
31
Q

The connective tissue covering that encloses the sarcolemma of an individual muscle fiber is called the?

A

Endomysium

32
Q

A fasicle is a?

A

bundle of muscle fibers enclosed by a connective tissue sheath

33
Q

Thick and this microfilaments have different compositions. for each descriptive phrase, indicate whether the filament is?

  1. Contains Actin
  2. contains ATPases
  3. attaches to the Z disc
  4. contains myosin
  5. contains troponin
  6. does not lie in the I band
A
  1. thin
  2. thick
  3. thin
  4. thick
  5. thin
  6. thick
34
Q

The function of the T tubules in muscle contraction is to?

A

Transmit the action potential deep into the muscle cells

35
Q

The sites where the motor nerve impulse is transmitted from the nerve endings to the skeletal muscle cell membranes are the?

A

nueromuscular junctions

36
Q

Contraction elicited by a single brief stimulus is called?

A

A twitch

37
Q

A smooth, sustained contraction resulting from very rapid stimulation of the muscle, in which no evidence of relaxation is seen, is called?

A

fused tetanus

38
Q

Characteristics of isometric contractiions include all but?

a. shortening
b. increased muscle tension throughout the contraction phase
c. absence of shortening
d. use in resistance training

A

Shortening

39
Q

During muscle contraction, ATP is provided by?

a. a coupled reaction of creatine phosphate with ADP

b. aerobic respiration of glucose

c. anaerobic glycolysis

(1) Which provides ATP fastest?
(2) Which does (do) not require that oxygen be available?
(3) Which provides the highest yeild of ATP per glucose molecule?
(4) Which results in the formationof lactic acid?
(5) Which has carbon dioxide and water products
(6) Which is most important in endurance sports?

A
  1. coupled reaction of creatine phosphate with ADP
  2. coupled reaction of creatine phosphate with ADP
  3. Aerobic respiration of glucose
  4. anaerobic glycolysis
  5. Aerobic respiration of glucose
  6. Aerobic respiration of glucose
40
Q

The neurotransmitter released by somatic motor neurons is?

A

Acetylcholine

41
Q

The ions that enter the skeletal muscle cell during action potential generation are?

A

sodium ions

42
Q

Myoglobin has a special function in muscle tissue. It?

A

holds a reserve supply of oxygen in the muscle

43
Q

Aeriobic exercise results in all the following except?

a. increased cardiovascular system efficiency
b. more mitochandria in the muscle cells
c. increased size and strength of existing muscle cells
d. increased neuromuscular system coordination

A

c. increased size and strength of existing muscle cells

44
Q

The smooth muscle type found in the walls of digestive and urinary system organs and that exhibits gap junctions and pace maker cells is?

A

single unit

45
Q

What are the functions of muscles?

A
  1. Movement
  2. Posture and Body Position
  3. Stabilizing Joints
  4. Generating Heat
  5. Additional Functions
46
Q

Steps leading to muscle Contraction?

Phase 1

A
  1. Action Potential (AP) arrives at axon terminal at neuromuscular junction
  2. ACh released
  3. Ion permeability of sarcolemma changes
  4. Local change in membrane voltage (depolarization) occurs
  5. local depolarization ignites AP in sarcolemma
47
Q

Steps leading to muscle contraction?

Phase 2

A
  1. AP travels across the entire sarcolemma
  2. AP travels along T tubules
  3. SR releases Ca2+, Ca2+ binds to troponnin, myosin sites on actin exposed
  4. Myosin heads bind to actin, contraction begins

Bio241 (3 decks)

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