Ch. 8 Introduction to Abdominal scanning: Techniques and protocols

Question 1

Largest arterial structure in the body: arises from the left ventricle to supply blood to the head, upper and lower extremities, and abdominopelvic cavity

Answer 1

Aorta

Question 2

First major anterior artery to arise from the abdominal aorta inferior to the diaphragm; it branches into the hepatic, splenic, and left gastric arteries

Answer 2

Celiac axis

Question 3

Vessels originating from the iliac arteries and seen in the inguinal region into the upper thigh

Answer 3

Common femoral arteries

Question 4

Branch of the common hapatic artery to supply the stomach and duodenum

Answer 4

gastroduodenal artery

Question 5

Common hepatic artery arises from the celiac trunk and courses to the right on the abdomen and branches into the GDA and proper HA

Answer 5

Hepatic artery

Question 6

Originate from the bifurication of the aorta at the level of the umbilicus

Answer 6

Iliac arteries

Question 7

Arises from the anterior aortic wall at the level of the third or fourth lumbar vertebra to supply the left transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum

Answer 7

Inferior mesenteric artery

Question 8

Small branch of the celiac axis that feeds the stomach

Answer 8

Left gastric artery

Question 9

Arises from the posterolateral wall of the aorta directly into the hilus of the kidney

Answer 9

Left renal artery

Question 10

Leaves the posterolateral wall of the aorta; travels posterior to the inferior vena cava to enter the hilus of the kidney

Answer 10

Right renal artery

Question 11

Arises from the celiac axis to supply the spleen, pancreas, stomach, and greater omentum

Answer 11

Splenic artery

Question 12

Arises inferior to the celiac axis from the anterior wall of the abdominal aorta: travels parallel to the aorta to supply the small bowel, cecum, ascending colon, and transverse colon; lies posterior to the body of the pancreas

Answer 12

Superior mesenteric artery

Question 13

Junction of the splenic and portal veins that occurs in the midabdomen and serves as a posterior border of the pancreas

Answer 13

Confluence of the splenic and portal veins

Question 14

Upper part of the venous drainage system of the lower extremity found in the upper thigh and groin

Answer 14

Femoral Vein

Question 15

Largest tributaries that drain the liver and empty into the inferior vena cava at the level of the diaphragm

Answer 15

Hepatic veins

Question 16

Receive tributaries from the lower extremities and drain into the inferior vena cava

Answer 16

Iliac veins

Question 17

Principal venous vessel that returns blood from the lower half of the body from the confluence of the right and left common iliac veins; flows posterior to the liver to enter the right atrium of the heart

Answer 17

Inferior Vena Cava

Question 18

Supplies the left lobe of the liver

Answer 18

Left portal vein

Question 19

Leaves the renal hilum and travel anterior to the aorta, posterior to the superior mesenteric artery to empty into the lateral wall of the inferior vena cava

Answer 19

Left renal vein

Question 20

Comprises the splenic, inferior mesenteric, superior mesenteric, and portal veins

Answer 20

Portal venous system

Question 21

Leaves the renal hilum to flow directly into the IVC

Answer 21

Right renal vein

Question 22

Drains blood from the spleen and part of the stomach; forms the posteromedial border of the pancreas as it travels horizontally across the abdomen; joins the superior mesenteric vein to form the main portal vein

Answer 22

Splenic vein

Question 23

Drains the small bowel and cecum and transverse and sigmoid colon; travels vertically to join the splenic and portal veins; serves as a landmark to the body of the pancreas and anterior border to the uncinate process of the head

Answer 23

Superior mesenteric vein

Question 24

Supplies the right lobe of the liver

Answer 24

Right portal vein

Question 25

Ancillary vessels that develop when portal hypertension occurs

Answer 25

Collateral vessels

Question 26

Formed by the union of the splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein; serves as the posterior border of the pancreas

Answer 26

Main portal vein

Question 27

Smallest lobe of the liver; lies posterior to the left lobe and anterior to the inferior vena cava; superior border is the ligamentum venosum

Answer 27

Caudate lobe

Question 28

Muscular structures seen in the upper abdomen at the level of the celiac axis; aligns the vertebral column before crossing the midline posterior to the inferior vena cava and anterior to the aorta

Answer 28

Crus of the diaphragm

Question 29

Most superior aspect of the liver at the level of the diaphragm

Answer 29

Dome of the liver

Question 30

Attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and undersurface of the diaphragm

Answer 30

Falciform ligament

Question 31

Termination of the falciform ligament, seen int he left lobe of the liver

Answer 31

Ligamentum teres

Question 32

Echogenic linear structure found anterior to the caudate lobe and posterior to the left lobe of the liver

Answer 32

Ligamentum venousum

Question 33

Small peironeal recess located anterior to the right kidney and inferior to the liver

Answer 33

Morison's pouch

Question 34

Where the triad of the portal vein, common bile duct, and hepatic artery enter the liver

Answer 34

Porta hepatis

Question 35

Group of muscles that originate at the hilum of the kidneys and lie lateral to the spine

Answer 35

Psoas major muscle

Question 36

Central area of the spleen that allows the vascular and lymph structure to emerge or enter

Answer 36

Splenic hilum

Question 37

All transverse supine scans are oriented with the liver on the ___________of the screen

Answer 37

Left

Question 38

Longitudinal scans present the patient's head to the __________ and feet to the _________ of the screen and use the xiphoid, umbilicus, or symphysis to denote the midline of the scan plane

Answer 38

Head to the left, feet to the right

Question 39

The position of the patient should be described in relation to the _______

Answer 39

Scanning table

Question 40

Variations in the patients's respiration may also help eliminate _________ interference and improve image quality

Answer 40

Rib

Question 41

Patients should be instructed not to eat or drink anything for ________ hours before the abdominal ultrasound procedure

Answer 41

6-8

Question 42

Identify the structures that are included in a survey of the baseline upper abdominal ultrasound examination?

Answer 42

``` Liver and porta hepatis vascular structures biliary system Pancreas Kidney Spleen Para-aortic area ```

Question 43

In Doppler imaging, flow toward the transduceris positive, or _________ whereas flow away from the transducer is negative, or _______

Answer 43

Positive or above baseline, negative or below baseline

Question 44

Arterial flow pulsates with the cardiac cycle and shows its maximal peak during the __________ part of the cycle

Answer 44

Systolic

Question 45

A phasic pattern may be seen in the __________ (near the heart) that is associated with overload of the right ventricle

Answer 45

Hepatic veins

Question 46

Without internal echoes; the structure if fluid filled and transmits sound easily

Answer 46

Anechoic or sonolucent

Question 47

Echo-producing structure; reflects sound with a brighter intensity

Answer 47

Echogenic or hyperechoic

Question 48

Sound that travels through an anechoic (fluid filled) substance and is not attenuated. There is increased brightness directly beyond the posterior border of the anechoic structure as compared with the surrounding area

Answer 48

Enhancement, increased through transmission

Question 49

Interface between two fluids with different acoustic characteristics. This level will change with patient position

Answer 49

Fluid-filled level

Question 50

Not uniform in texture or composition

Answer 50

Heterogeneous

Question 51

Completely uniform in texture or composition

Answer 51

Homogeneous

Question 52

Low-level echoes within a structure

Answer 52

Hypoechoic

Question 53

Usually refers to a diffuse disease process or metastatic disease

Answer 53

Infiltrating

Question 54

Borders are not well defined, are ill defined, or are not present

Answer 54

Irregular borders

Question 55

Very close to the normal parenchymal echogenicity pattern

Answer 55

Isoechoic

Question 56

Well-defined borders with internal echoes; the septa may be thin (likely benign) or thick (likely malignant)

Answer 56

Loculated Mass

Question 57

Sound beam is attenuated by a solid or calcified object

Answer 57

Shadowing

Question 58

What three terms are used to describe various texttures of the border of a structure?

Answer 58

Smooth Well-defined Irregular

Question 59

What two terms may be used to identify the texture of a structure?

Answer 59

Homogeneous | Heterogeneous

Question 60

List three terms that describe the transmission of sound

Answer 60

Increased Unchanged Decreased

Question 61

List five sonographic and medical terms that describe the characteristics of an organ or mass

Answer 61

``` Anechoic Hypoechoic Isoechoic Hyperechoic Echogenic ```

Question 62

Describe a cystic mass

Answer 62

Smooth, well-defined borders, anechoic, increased through transmission

Question 63

Describe a solid mass

Answer 63

Irregular borders, internal echoes, decreased through transmission

Question 64

Describe a complex mass

Answer 64

Has the characteristics of both a cystic and a solid mass