Ch 8: Gender

Question 1

sex

Answer 1

anatomical or biological differences between males and females that originate in genes

Question 2

gender

Answer 2

a social concept linked to norms, roles, and behaviors assosciated with being male or female

Question 3

structural functionalist

Answer 3

assumes that gender differences exist as a necessity to fulfill different functions in society

Question 4

Talcott Parsons and sex role theory

Answer 4

men and women have different complementary roles

Question 5

factory of personalities

Answer 5

women as mothers, wives, caregivers and men as breadwinners. change of these roles is worrisome.

Question 6

critique of factory of personalities

Answer 6

neglects the impact of the power differential created by economic dependence of women onto mean along with dysfunctions of gender inequality

Question 7

conflict perspective

Answer 7

patriarchal capitalists benefit through systems that subordinate women. imbalance of power in society exists and people struggle trying to access power they previously couldnt

Question 8

feminist conflict perspective

Answer 8

sexual division of labor gives males privileged access to money, status, independence and opportunity.

Question 9

Agents of socialization

Answer 9

1. family
2. peers
3. schools
4. media

Question 10

family gender socialization

Answer 10

even before birth, parents treat their children differently based on gender. son given “wings” and told to be assertive which daughters are given “roots” and taught to be cooperative

Question 11

peer gender socialization

Answer 11

peers engage in gender policing and single sex friend groups from young age reinforce social dosage effect. boys especially stigmatize feminine traits from a young age.

Question 12

school gender socialization

Answer 12

“hidden curriculum” reinforces gender roles. wild male behavior excused more, strict female dresscodes. most textbooks created by men

Question 13

media gender socialization

Answer 13

male cartoon characters outnumber female and are often funnier and more dynamic.
women are hypersexualized in videogames, etc

Question 14

“doing gender”

Answer 14

Not a static identy, but an activity. consistent actions between men and women create natural “differences” that aren’t biological but appear so because they are acted consistently across the group.

Question 15

gender inequality areas

Answer 15

1. family life
2. higher education
3. economics

Question 16

family life inequalities

Answer 16

Second shift: unpaid housework women do after they come home from their paid employment. marriage has a “traditionalizing” effect on couples.

Question 17

higher education inequalities

Answer 17

women were historically barred from many higher instritutions. significant achievements now though.

Question 18

economic inequalities

Answer 18

on average women working full time earn $0.83 for every comparable male dollar. disparity increases for women of color. women given glass ceiling in male professions and men given glass escalator in female-dominated occupations.

Question 19

Contemporary feminist perspective

Answer 19

Feminism in an intellectual, consciousness-raising movement based on the idea that women and men should be afforded equal opportunities and respect.

Question 20

black feminism critique

Answer 20

early liberal feminism surrounded around while middle class women producing a double jeopardy for minority women.

Question 21

Hegemonic masculinity

Answer 21

the culturally normative idea of male behavior is harmful to men and women

Question 22

four rules of manhood

Answer 22

1. avoid any hint of femininity
2. acquire wealth, power, and status
3. never show your emotions
4. exude a sense of daring and aggressiveness

Question 23

rape culture

Answer 23

a social culture that provides an environment conducive to rape

Question 24

3 proponents of rape culture

Answer 24

1. objectification of women
2. popular cultures ideas that violence against women is “no big deal”
3. victim blaming- “she was asking for it”

Question 25

5 aspects of modern marriage

Answer 25

1. rates have declined
2. fewer view marriage as a necessary part of adult life
3. increase in acceptance of viable alternative
4. most adults will still marry at some point, is older now
5. divorce peaked in 70s and 80s