Ch 8 Development Across The Life Span

Question 1

Human Development

Answer 1

The scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception until death.

Question 2

Longitudinal Design

Answer 2

Research design in which one participant or group of participant is studied over a long period of time.

Question 3

Cross-Sectional Design

Answer 3

Research design in which several different participant age-groups are studied at one particular point in time.

Question 4

Cross-Sequential Design

Answer 4

Research design in which participants are first studied by means of cross-sectional design but are followed and assessed longitudinally.

Question 5

Cohort Effect

Answer 5

The impact on development occurring when a group of people share a common time period or common life experience.

Question 6

Nature

Answer 6

The influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions.

Question 7

Nurture

Answer 7

The influence of the environment on personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions.

Question 8

Genetics

Answer 8

The science of inherited traits.

Question 9

Deoxyribonucleic Acid
(DNA)

Answer 9

Special molecule that contains the genetic material of the organism.

Question 10

Gene

Answer 10

Section of DNA having the same arrangement of chemical elements.

Question 11

Chromosome

Answer 11

Tightly wound strand of genetic material or DNA.

Question 12

Dominant

Answer 12

Referring to a gene that actively controls the expression of a trait.

Question 13

Recessive

Answer 13

Referring to a gene that only influences the expression of a trait when paired with an identical gene.

Question 14

Ovum

Answer 14

The female sex cell, or egg.

Question 15

Sperm

Answer 15

The male sex cell.

Question 16

Fertilization

Answer 16

The union of the ovum and sperm.

Question 17

Zygote

Answer 17

Cell resulting from the uniting of the ovum and sperm.

Question 18

Monozygotic Twins

Answer 18

Identical twins formed when one zygote splits into two separate masses of cells, each of which develop into a separate embryo.

Question 19

Dizygotic Twins

Answer 19

Often called fraternal twins, occurring when two individual eggs get fertilized by separate sperm, resulting in two zygotes in the uterus at the same time.

Question 20

Bioethics

Answer 20

The study of ethical and moral issues brought about by new advances in biology and medicine.

Question 21

Germinal Period

Answer 21

First 2 weeks after fertilization, during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining.

Question 22

Embryo

Answer 22

Name for the developing organism from 2 weeks to 8 weeks after fertilization.

Question 23

Embryonic Period

Answer 23

The period from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization, during which the major organs and structures of the organism develop.

Question 24

Critical Periods

Answer 24

Times during which certain environmental influences cast have an impact on the development of the infant.

Question 25

Teratogen

Answer 25

Any factor that can cause a birth defect.

Question 26

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs)

Answer 26

A group of possible conditions caused by a mother consuming alcohol during pregnancy, in which a combination of physical, mental, and behavioral problems may be present.

Question 27

Fetal Period

Answer 27

The time from about 8 weeks after conception until the birth of the baby.

Question 28

Fetus

Answer 28

Name for the developing organism from 8 weeks after fertilization to the brith of the baby.

Question 29

Cognitive Development

Answer 29

The development of thinking, problem solving, and memory.

Question 30

Schema

Answer 30

A mental concept or framework that guides organization and interpretation of information, which forms and evolves through experiences with objects and events.

Question 31

Sensorimotor Stage

Answer 31

Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development, in which the infant uses its senses and motor abilities to interact with objects in the environment.

Question 32

Object Permanence

Answer 32

The knowledge that an object exists even when not in sight.

Question 33

Pre-operational Stage

Answer 33

Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development, in which the pre-school child learns to use language as means of exploring the world.

Question 34

Egocentrism

Answer 34

The inability to see the world through anyone else’s eyes.

Question 35

Centration

Answer 35

In Piaget’s theory, the tendency of a young child to focus only on one feature of an object while ignoring other relevant features.

Question 36

Conservation

Answer 36

In Piaget’s theory, the ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change the object’s nature.

Question 37

Irreversibility

Answer 37

In Piaget’s theory, the inability of the young shield to mentally reverse an action.

Question 38

Concrete Operations Stage

Answer 38

Piaget’s third state of cognitive development, in which the school-age child becomes capable of logical thought processes but is not yet capable of abstract thinking.

Question 39

Formal Operation Stage

Answer 39

Piaget’s last stage of cognitive development, in which the adolescent becomes capable of abstract thinking.

Question 40

Scaffolding

Answer 40

Process in which a more skilled learner gives help to a less skilled learner, reducing the amount of help as the less skilled learner becomes more capable.

Question 41

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

Answer 41

Vygotsky’s concept of the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with the help of a teacher.

Question 42

Temperament

Answer 42

The behavioral characteristics that are fairly well established at birth such as “easy,” ”difficult,” and “slow or warm up,” the enduring characteristics with which each person is born.

Question 43

Attachment

Answer 43

The emotional bond between an infant and the primary caregiver.

Question 44

Self-Concept

Answer 44

The image of oneself that develops from interactions with important significant people in one’s life.