Ch 8 Development Across The Life Span Flashcards

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1
Q

Human Development

A

The scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception until death.

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2
Q

Longitudinal Design

A

Research design in which one participant or group of participant is studied over a long period of time.

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3
Q

Cross-Sectional Design

A

Research design in which several different participant age-groups are studied at one particular point in time.

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4
Q

Cross-Sequential Design

A

Research design in which participants are first studied by means of cross-sectional design but are followed and assessed longitudinally.

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5
Q

Cohort Effect

A

The impact on development occurring when a group of people share a common time period or common life experience.

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6
Q

Nature

A

The influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions.

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7
Q

Nurture

A

The influence of the environment on personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions.

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8
Q

Genetics

A

The science of inherited traits.

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9
Q

Deoxyribonucleic Acid
(DNA)

A

Special molecule that contains the genetic material of the organism.

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10
Q

Gene

A

Section of DNA having the same arrangement of chemical elements.

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11
Q

Chromosome

A

Tightly wound strand of genetic material or DNA.

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12
Q

Dominant

A

Referring to a gene that actively controls the expression of a trait.

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13
Q

Recessive

A

Referring to a gene that only influences the expression of a trait when paired with an identical gene.

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14
Q

Ovum

A

The female sex cell, or egg.

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15
Q

Sperm

A

The male sex cell.

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16
Q

Fertilization

A

The union of the ovum and sperm.

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17
Q

Zygote

A

Cell resulting from the uniting of the ovum and sperm.

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18
Q

Monozygotic Twins

A

Identical twins formed when one zygote splits into two separate masses of cells, each of which develop into a separate embryo.

19
Q

Dizygotic Twins

A

Often called fraternal twins, occurring when two individual eggs get fertilized by separate sperm, resulting in two zygotes in the uterus at the same time.

20
Q

Bioethics

A

The study of ethical and moral issues brought about by new advances in biology and medicine.

21
Q

Germinal Period

A

First 2 weeks after fertilization, during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining.

22
Q

Embryo

A

Name for the developing organism from 2 weeks to 8 weeks after fertilization.

23
Q

Embryonic Period

A

The period from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization, during which the major organs and structures of the organism develop.

24
Q

Critical Periods

A

Times during which certain environmental influences cast have an impact on the development of the infant.

25
Q

Teratogen

A

Any factor that can cause a birth defect.

26
Q

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
(FASDs)

A

A group of possible conditions caused by a mother consuming alcohol during pregnancy, in which a combination of physical, mental, and behavioral problems may be present.

27
Q

Fetal Period

A

The time from about 8 weeks after conception until the birth of the baby.

28
Q

Fetus

A

Name for the developing organism from 8 weeks after fertilization to the brith of the baby.

29
Q

Cognitive Development

A

The development of thinking, problem solving, and memory.

30
Q

Schema

A

A mental concept or framework that guides organization and interpretation of information, which forms and evolves through experiences with objects and events.

31
Q

Sensorimotor Stage

A

Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development, in which the infant uses its senses and motor abilities to interact with objects in the environment.

32
Q

Object Permanence

A

The knowledge that an object exists even when not in sight.

33
Q

Pre-operational Stage

A

Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development, in which the pre-school child learns to use language as means of exploring the world.

34
Q

Egocentrism

A

The inability to see the world through anyone else’s eyes.

35
Q

Centration

A

In Piaget’s theory, the tendency of a young child to focus only on one feature of an object while ignoring other relevant features.

36
Q

Conservation

A

In Piaget’s theory, the ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change the object’s nature.

37
Q

Irreversibility

A

In Piaget’s theory, the inability of the young shield to mentally reverse an action.

38
Q

Concrete Operations Stage

A

Piaget’s third state of cognitive development, in which the school-age child becomes capable of logical thought processes but is not yet capable of abstract thinking.

39
Q

Formal Operation Stage

A

Piaget’s last stage of cognitive development, in which the adolescent becomes capable of abstract thinking.

40
Q

Scaffolding

A

Process in which a more skilled learner gives help to a less skilled learner, reducing the amount of help as the less skilled learner becomes more capable.

41
Q

Zone of Proximal Development
(ZPD)

A

Vygotsky’s concept of the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with the help of a teacher.

42
Q

Temperament

A

The behavioral characteristics that are fairly well established at birth such as “easy,” ”difficult,” and “slow or warm up,” the enduring characteristics with which each person is born.

43
Q

Attachment

A

The emotional bond between an infant and the primary caregiver.

44
Q

Self-Concept

A

The image of oneself that develops from interactions with important significant people in one’s life.