Ch 8 Anatomy and Physiology (part 1) Flashcards
The study of the structure and makeup of the organism.
anatomy
The study of the processes and functions of the body.
physiology
The study of how body functions change and react when the body encounters disease or when homeostasis is otherwise disturbed.
pathophysiology
A tendency to constancy or stability in the body’s internal environment; processes that balance the supply and demand of the body’s needs.
homeostasis
What are the 9 characteristics of life shared by all living things?
absorption, circulation, digestion, excretion, growth, movement, reproduction, respiration, and responsiveness
What are the 6 levels of organization in the human body?
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism
What elements make up 96% of a human body’s weight?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
Small units of an element that vary in size, weight, and how they combine and interact with each other.
atoms
What are atoms composed of?
protons, electrons and neutrons
Particle that carries a positive charge
proton
Particle that carries a negative charge
electron
Particle that is neutral
neutron
When an atom has the same number of protons and electrons, the atom has ___________.
no net charge
it is neither negative or positive
Protons and neutrons are similar in size and mass and are located in the ____.
nucleus
The number of protons in an atom is known as its
atomic number
Number of protons and neutrons in an element’s nucleus
atomic weight (atomic mass)
Have nuclei with the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons
isotopes
Electrically charged atoms or groups of atoms are ___.
ions
Ions with a positive charge
cations (+)
Ions with a negative charge
anions (-)
A type of chemical bond formed from the attraction between two oppositely charged ions.
ionic bond
Occurs when atoms are bonded to form molecules by sharing electrons.
covalent bond
A type of chemical bond formed between a hydrogen atom and a negatively charged atom
hydrogen bonds
A substance that can be broken down into the two or more elements contained within it
compound
Sugars or starches made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
carbohydrates (saccharides)
simple sugars
monosaccharides
simple sugars made up of 2 to 10 monosaccharides
oligosaccharides
double sugars
disaccharides
complex sugars
polysaccharides
Substances formed in tiny amounts by one specialized organ or group of cells and then carried to another organ or group of cells in the same organism to perform regulatory functions
hormones
Proteins that detect and destroy foreign substances
antibodies (immunoglobulins)
How many amino acids make up the proteins that exist in humans and most other living organisms?
22
Protein molecules consisting of amino acids held together by peptide bonds are
peptides
The most common lipids in the body
triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids (which includes cholesterol)
Derivatives of an essential fatty acid that are widely distributed in cells throughout the body
prostaglandins
The chemical changes that occur within cells that are necessary to maintain life
metabolism
Fat soluble vitamins
A, D, E, and K
Water soluble vitamins
the B group and vitamin C
Large organic molecules (macromolecules) formed by the joining of many smaller molecules (nucleotides)
nucleic acids
The two types of nucleic acid molecules
DNA and RNA
The three forms of RNA in human cells
messenger RNA; transfer RNA; ribosomal RNA
A dissolved substance
solute
Structures inside the cells, which use oxygen to release energy from nutrients such as glucose and drive cellular metabolic activities
organelles
Chemical substances that speed up the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process
catalysts
Among the most important of all the body’s proteins because they catalyze the reactions that sustain life
enzymes
A process that changes or alters some of the structures of the enzyme
denaturation
Two or more reactants (atoms) bond to form a more complex product or structure
A+B —-> AB
synthesis reactions
Bonds within a reactant molecule break, forming simpler atoms, molecules, or ions
AB —> A +B
decomposition reactions
Molecules are shuffled around to produce new products
AB + CD —-> AD + CB
exchange reactions
Products of the reaction can change back into the reactants they originally were
reversible reactions
Chemical reactions occur that result in the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones that the body can use for its own needs
catabolism
Powerful energy source of the body and is used to drive chemical reactions
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
The building of larger substances from smaller substances, such as the building of proteins from amino acids
anabolism
Substances that release ions in water
electrolytes
A mixture of two substances ( a solute and a solvent )
solution
Fluid that does the dissolving
solvent
The substance that contains the dissolved particles
solute
The primary cations in the body
sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium
The primary anions in the body
bicarbonate, chloride and phosphate
Electrolytes that release hydrogen ions in water
acids
Electrolyte that releases ions that bond with hydrogen ions
base or alkali
