Ch 8,9,11,12 Flashcards
0
Q
A unit of measure that quantifies the amount of energy in food that the body can use.
A
Calorie
1
Q
The process by which the body breaks down foods and either absorbs or excretes them
A
Digestive Process
2
Q
The capacity to do work
A
Energy
3
Q
Men, ages 19 to 30 Calories
A
Sedentary: 2,400; Active: 3,000
4
Q
Men, ages 31 to 50 Calories
A
Sedentary: 2,200; Active: 3,000
5
Q
Women, ages 19 to 30 Calories
A
Sedentary: 2,000; Active: 2,400
6
Q
Women, ages 31 to 50 Calories
A
Sedentary: 1,800; Active: 2,200
7
Q
abnormal depletion of body fluids that can cause serious problems within a matter of hours and death after a few days.
A
Dehydration
8
Q
Too much water that can pose a serious risk
A
Hyponatremia
9
Q
How much water does the body consist of by weight.
A
50 to 60 percent
10
Q
The total recommendations for women and men of total water from all beverages and foods each day
A
11 cups for women and 16 cups for men
11
Q
The major components of nearly every cell; they’ve been called the “body builders” because of their role in developing and repairing bone, muscle, skin, and blood cells. Key elements of antibodies that protect us from disease, of enzymes that control chemical activities in the body, and of hormones that regulate body functions.
A
Proteins
12
Q
Your body breaks down proteins into smaller, nitrogen-containing ____.
A
Amino Acids
13
Q
Amino acids that nine must be obtained from the diet and the other 11 can be produced by the body.
A
Essential Amino Acids
14
Q
Dietary protein that supplies all the essential amino acids
A
Complete protein
15
Q
Proteins from plant sources that may lack one or two of the essential amino acids
A
incomplete proteins
16
Q
Two major types of carbohydrates
A
Simple carbohydrates or simple sugars and complex carbohydrates which are found in grains, cereals and vegetables
17
Q
Supply us with the energy needed to sustain normal daily activity
A
Carbohydrates
18
Q
Glucose and Fructose
A
monosaccharides
19
Q
Combinations of two monosaccharides. The best-known example is sucrose. Lactose and Maltose are other common ones
A
Disaccharides
20
Q
Complex carbohydrates that are formed by long chains of monosaccharides and must be broken down into simple sugars before the body can use them
A
Polysaccharides
21
Q
Makes up the majority of the complex carbohydrate group and comes from flours, breads, pasta, rice, corn, oats, barley, potatos, and related foods.
A
Starches
22
Q
Sometimes referred to as “bulk” or “roughage” is the indigestible portion of plant foods that helps move foods through the digestive system, delays absorption of cholesterol and other nutrients, and softens stools by absorbing water
A
Fiber
23
Q
Things such as brown rice, wheat, bran, and whole-grain breads and cereals.
A
Whole grains
24
The most energy-dense source of calories that plays a vital role in maintaining healthy skin and hair, insulating body organs against shock, maintaining body temperature, and promoting healthy cell functions. Can also cause excessive consumption can lead to weight gain.
Fats
25
Make up about 95 percent of total body fat, the most common form of fat circulating in the blood
Triglycerides
26
The remaining 5 percent of body fat is composed of substances such as this
Cholesterol
27
The ratio of total cholesterol to a group of compounds that is important in determining risk for heart disease
high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
28
Transport cholesterol to the body's cells
Low-density Lipoproteins
29
Fatty Acid chains that cannot hold any more hydrogen in their chemical structure
Saturated Fats
30
Have room for additional hydrogen atoms in their chemical structure and are liquid at room temperature
Unsaturated Fats
31
Produced by adding hydrogen molecules to liquid oil, making "partially hydrogenated" fats that stay solid or semisolid at room temperature
Trans Fats (trans fatty acids)
32
Potent and essential organic compounds that promote growth and help maintain life and health
Vitamins
33
May prevent or cure disease
Functional Foods
34
Vegetable pigments such as lycopene and lutein
Carotenoids
35
The inorganic, indestructible elements that aid physiological processes within the body
Minerals
36
The minerals that the body needs in fairly large amounts such as sodium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, sulfur, and chloride.
Macrominerals
37
Needed by the body, serious problems may result if excess or deficiencies occur.
Trace minerals
38
A number calculated from the Reference Daily Intakes and Daily Reference Values
Daily Values (DVs)
39
1. Balance Calories, 2. Increase some foods, 3. Reduce some foods
The MyPlate Plan
40
People who eat no animal products at all
Vegans
41
People who eat dairy or other animal products but not animal flesh and some seafood but not beef, pork, or poultry.
Vegetarians
42
Foods and beverages developed, grown, or raised without the use of synthetic pesticides, chemicals, or hormones.
Organic Foods
43
Coined to describe people who eat only food grown or produced locally, usually within close proximity to their homes.
Locavore
44
Treating foods with low doses of radiation, or ionizing energy, which breaks chemical bonds in the DNA of harmful bacteria, damaging pathogens and keeping them from replicating
Food Irradation
45
Insertion or deletion of genes into the DNA of an organism, usually done to enhance production by making disease or insect-resistant plants, improving yield, or controlling weeds.
Genetically Modified (GM) Foods
46
An abnormal response to a food that is triggered by the immune system
Food allergy
47
Can cause symptoms of gastric upset, but the upset is not the result of an immune system response
Food Intolerance
48
An inherited autoimmune disorder that affects digestive activity int he small intestine.
Celiac Disease
49
Foodborne infection often found in meats and poultry
Salmonella
50
Foodborne infection found in undercooked chicken or food contaminated with fluids from raw chicken.
Campylobacter
51
Bacterium commonly found in human stool, most likely transmitted via improper hand washing.
Shigella
52
A microscopic parasite that lives in the small intestine of humans and animals; transmitted via the fecal-oral route.
Cryptosporidium
53
Foodborne infection that lives in the intestines of cattle and other livestock
E. coli.
54
Bacterium in soil and in water that can contaminate raw or processed foods
Listeria
55
Characterized by environments that promote increased food intake, nonhealthful foods and physical inactivity as defined by the CDC
Obesogenic
56
The second greatest preventable cause of death in the U.S., after smoking
Obesity
57
The feeling of fullness when nutritional needs are satisfied and the stomach signals "no more"
Satiety
58
Minimum rate at which the body uses energy when working to maintain basic vital fuctions
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
59
Includes the BMR plus any energy expended through daily sedentary activities such as food digestion, sitting, studying, or standing
Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)
60
Accounts for all remaining daily calorie expenditures
Exercise Metabolic Rate (EMR)
61
A theory that suggests that in thin people the appetite center of the brain speeds up metabolic activity to compensate for increased food consumption
Adaptive Thermogenesis
62
A theory that suggests that our bodies fight to maintain our weight around a narrow range or at a set point.
Set Point Theory
63
A diet in which people repeatedly gain weight then lose it quickly and are doomed to fail because their BMR gets set lower after they resume eating and it makes them almost certain to regain their lost pounds.
Yo-Yo Diets
64
This type of obesity usually appears in early childhood and perhaps, due to the mother's dietary habits, even prior to birth.
Hyperplasia
65
The ability of each cell to swell and shrink
Hypertrophy
66
Increased body weight due to excess fat that exceeds healthy recommendations
Overweight
67
Refers to body weight that greatly exceeds health recommendations
Obesity
68
100 percent or more above their ideal weight
Morbidly obese
69
Approximately 3 to 7 percent of total body weight lower limit in men and 8 to 15 percent for women
Underweight
70
Description of body weight relative to height, numbers highly correlated with total body fat
Body Mass Index (BMI)
71
Measures regional fat distribution; greater than 1 percent in men and .8 percent in women indicates increased health risk.
Waist-to-hip ratio
72
How you see yourself in your mind, what you believe about your appearance, how you feel about your body, and how you sense and control your body as you move.
Body Image
73
The desire to look good is so strong that it has destructive effect on one's ability to function effectively in interactions with others.
Social Physique Anxiety (SPA)
74
A disorder where people are obsessively concerned with their appearances and have a distorted view of their own body shape, body size, and so on.
Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)
75
A diagnosis that can be applied only by a physician to a patient who exhibits severe disturbances in thoughts, behavior, and body functioning
Eating Disorder
76
A persistent, chronic eating disorder characterized by deliberate food restriction and severe, life-threatening weight loss
Anorexia Nervosa
77
PEOPLE WHO OFTEN BINGE ON HUGE AMOUNTS OF FOOD AND THEN ENGAGE IN SOME KIND OF PURGING OR COMPENSATORY BEHAVIOR SUCH AS VOMITING, TAKING LAXATIVES, OR EXERCISING EXCESSIVELY TO LOSE THE CALORIES THEY HAVE JUST CONSUMED
BULIMIA NERVOSA
78
People that gorge, but do not take excessive measures to lose the weight they gain, they are often clinically obese.
Bing-eating disorder
79
Characterized not by a desire to exercise but a compulsion to do so, with guilt and anxiety if the person does not work out.
Compulsive exercise or anorexia athletica
80
A new form of body image disturbance and exercise disorder in which a man believes that his body is insufficiently lean or muscular; believe that they look puny when in reality they look normally or maybe even unusually muscular
Muscle Dysmorphia
81
A syndrome with 3 interrelated problems: low energy availability, Low bone density, and menstrual dysfunction; happens when there is low food intake and intensive exercise that depletes nutrients essential to health
Female athlete triad
82
The network of organs and vessels through which blood flows as it carries oxygen and nutrients to all parts of the body; includes heart, arteries, arterioles, veins, venules, and capillaries
Cardiovascular System
83
Carry blood away from the heart
Arteries
84
smaller vessels that the arteries branch off to
Arterioles
85
Even smaller vessels after arterioles
Capillaries
86
Carbon dioxide and other waste products are transported to the lungs and kidneys through _______.
Veins and Venules (small veins)
87
Highly specialized cells in the right atrium
Sinoatrial Node (SA node)
88
Abrupt, profound loss of heart function (cardiac arrest) that causes death either instantly or shortly after symptoms occur
Sudden Cardiac Deaths
89
Fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium, and fibrin build up in the inner lining of an artery.
Atherosclerosis
90
An abnormally high blood lipid level and is a key factor in atherosclerosis
Hyperlipidemia
91
The resulting buildup from Hyperlipidemia
Plaque
92
Another name for atherosclerosis because of the damage to the body's main coronary arteries on the outer surface of the heart
Coronary Artery Disease
93
Reduced blood flow and limit the heart's blood and oxygen supply
Ischemia
94
When atherosclerosis occurs in the lower extremities, such as the feet, calves, or legs, or in the arms
Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)
95
The greatest killer of all of the cardiovascular dieases
Coronary Heart Disease
96
Involves an area of the heart that suffers permanent damage becasue its normal blood supply has been blocked
Myocardial Infarction (MI) or heart attack
97
A clot or an atherosclerotic narrowing that blocks a coronary artery
Coronary Thrombosis
98
A blood clot
Thrombus
99
When a clot becomes dislodged and moves through the circulatory system
Embolus
100
A form of self-preservation that allows an affected heart muscle to cope with damage
Collateral Circulation
101
Occurs when blood supply to the brain is interrupted, killing brain cells, which have little capacity to heal or regenerate
Stroke or cerbrovascular accident
102
The most life threatening hemorrhagic stroke
Aneurysm
103
Brief interruptions of the brain's blood supply that cause temporary impairment
Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIAs)
104
The pressure applied to the walls of the arteries when the heart contracts, pumping blood to the rest of the body
Systolic Pressure
105
The pressure applied to the walls of the arteries during the heart's relaxation phase
Diastolic Pressure
106
A condition caused by reduced oxygen flow to the heart; it often feels like pressure or squeezing in the chest or pain in the shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, or back.
Angina Pectoris
107
An irregularity in heart rhythm that may result in dizziness; fainting; or heart fluttering, palpitations, or racing.
Arrhythmia
108
A heart beats in a sporadic pattern that causes extreme inefficiency in moving blood through the cardiovascular system
fibrillation
109
When the heart muscle is damaged or overworked and lacks the strength to keep blood circulating normally through the body
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
110
A heart problem that is present at birth
Congenital Cardiovascular Defect
111
Can cause heart disease problems in children
Rheumatic Heart Disease
112
Obesity, lack of activity, high cholesterol, and high blood pressure indicate physical and biochemical changes that can lead to these major diseases.
Cardiometabolic risks
113
Bad cholesterol that builds up on artery walls
Low-density Lipoprotein (LDL)
114
Good cholesterol that appears to remove the LDL buildup
High-Density Lipoprotein
115
Calories that are converted and stored in fat cells to provide energy
Triglycerides
116
A record of the heart's electrical activity
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
117
A thin tube called a catheter is threaded through heart arteries, dye injected, and an X ray taken to identify blocked areas
Angiography
118
Scan that produces three dimensional images of the heart as blood flows through it.
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan
119
A blood vessel is taken from another site in the body and implanted to bypass blocked coronary arteries and transport blood to heart tissue
Coronary bypass surgery
120
A catheter is threaded through blocked heart arteries. A balloon at the tip is inflated to flatten fatty deposits against arterial walls, allowing blood to flow more freely
Angioplasty
121
A steel mesh tube inserted to prop open the artery
Stent
122
Injecting an agent such as tissue plasminogen activator to dissolve the clot and restore some blood flow, thereby reducing the amount of tissue that dies from ischemia
Thrombolysis
123
A new growth of tissue serving no physiological function
Neoplasm
124
A neoplams that often forms a clump of cells known as a _____.
Tumor
125
Microscopic examination of cell development
biopsy
126
Makes some forms of cancer particularly aggressive in their ability to overwhelm bodily defenses
Metastasis
127
Cells that differ in form, quality, and function from normal cells
Mutant Cells
128
Using a huge electromagnet to detect tumors by mapping the vibrations of atoms in the body on a computer screen.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
129
Use of radiation to kill cancerous cells and tumors
Radiotherapy
130
Use of drugs to kill cancerous cells and tumors
Chemotherapy
131
A disease characterized by a persistently high level of sugar, glucose, in the blood
Diabetes Mellitus
132
High blood glucose levels
Hyperglycemia
133
An autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-making cells in the pancreas, reducing or stopping insulin production.
Type 1 Diabetes
134
Accounts for 90 percent of all diabetes cases, either the pancreas does not make sufficient insulin or the body cells become resistant to its effects and don't efficiently use available insulin.
Type 2 diabetes
135
The body cells become resistant to its effects and don't efficiently use available insulin.
Insulin Resistance
136
The process in which physical and biological characteristics are transmitted from parents to offspring
Inheritance
137
A molecule that stores the programming code your body uses for its assembly, growth, and functioning
DNA
138
DNA organized into distinct budles
Chromosomes
139
Your full complement of DNA including genes and noncoding
Genome
140
Different forms of the same gene
Alleles
141
Occur as a result of a defect, or mutation, involving just one gene
single-gene disorders
142
Are caused by errors in an entire chromosome or part of a chromosome
Chromosome Disorders
143
Disorders in which genes play a role but are not the only role including obesity, heart disease, type 2 diabetes, Alzheimer's, and certain types of cancer.
Multifactorial Disorders
144
Transmit a pathogen through from one part of your body to another
Autoinoculate
145
Diseases that occur at the same time.
Comorbidities
146
Any substance capable of triggering an immune response
Antigen
147
The body's major defense against many bacteria and the poisonous substances
Humoral Immunity
148
Poisonous substances that bacteria produces
Toxins
149
Specialized white blood cells called lymphocytes attack and destroy the foreign invader.
Cell-mediated Immunity
150
A type of phagocytic or cell-eating white blood cell
Macrophages
151
When the body makes a mistake and targets its own tissue as the enemy, builds up antibodies against that tissue, and attempts to destroy it
Autoimmune disease
152
Simple, single-celled microscopic organisms
Bacteria
153
Diseases caused by bacteria can be treated with _____.
Antibiotics
154
Bacteria always present on the surface of skin.
Staphylococci
155
An infection and inflammation of the meninges, the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.
Meningitis
156
A general term for a range of conditions that result in inflammation of the lungs and difficulty breathing.
Pneumonia
157
A virally caused inflammation of the liver
Hepatitis
158
One of the most common STIs in the U.S. and is caused by a bacterial pathogen, it primarily infects the linings of the urethra
Gonnorrhea
159
Small parasitic insects that are usually transmitted during sexual contact
Public Lice
