Ch 8

Question 1

After analyzing data that looks at the relationship between response times and patient outcomes, which p-value would indicate that the finding was statistically significant?

A) 0.10
B) 0.5
C) 1.5
D) 0.05

Answer 1

D) 0.05

Question 2

An issue that increases background variability and makes it more difficult to draw accurate conclusions from a study is called a:

A) nuisance variable.
B) random variable.
C) complicating variable.
D) confounding variable

Answer 2

A) nuisance variable.

Question 3

How is the influence of confounding variables controlled?

A) By choosing the study design
B) Through statistical analysis techniques
C) By the use of inclusion and exclusion criteria
D) By including the widest possible population

Answer 3

C) By the use of inclusion and exclusion criteria

Question 4

How well a study can predict rather than suggest a relationship is based on:

A) the hypothesis.
B) the research methods and design.
C) the types of statistical analyses performed.
D) the level of funding of the study.

Answer 4

B) the research methods and design.

Question 5

In a double-blind study involving a drug, who would be aware of which intervention is being administered?

A) The participant receiving the placebo
B) The participant receiving the study drug
C) The researcher
D) The paramedic

Answer 5

C) The researcher

Question 6

In scientific research, any factor or entity that can differ in amount or type is known as a(n):

A) variable.
B) range.
C) quantity.
D) unknown.

Answer 6

A) variable.

Question 7

In what year did the National Association of EMS Physicians develop a consensus document to establish a process to create evidence-based guidelines for EMS?

A) 2010
B) 1998
C) 1990
D) 2016

Answer 7

D) 2016

Question 8

Standard deviation measures how much variability there is from the:

A) mean.
B) hypothesis.
C) median.
D) mode.

Answer 8

A) mean.

Question 9

The inclusion or exclusion criteria of a study should be provided in which section of a scientific manuscript?

A) Discussion
B) Introduction
C) Results
D) Methods

Answer 9

D) Methods

Question 10

The National EMS Research Agenda was published in:

A) 1985.
B) 2001.
C) 1995.
D) 2012.

Answer 10

B) 2001.

Question 11

The number that occurs more often than any other number in a data set is the:

A) mean.
B) average.
C) mode.
D) median.

Answer 11

C) mode.

Question 12

The power of a study is:

A) its ability to detect a difference between groups whenever a difference exists.
B) the probability that the true value of a measurement lies within the range of two values.
C) the level of significance of its results.
D) how likely it is that the relationships seen in a sample will occur in the larger population.

Answer 12

A) its ability to detect a difference between groups whenever a difference exists.

Question 13

The two main types of research designs are:

A) longitudinal and vertical.
B) retrospective and prospective.
C) cross-sectional and experimental.
D) descriptive and analytic.

Answer 13

D) descriptive and analytic.

Question 14

To interpret the results of a study, it is most important to read which section?

A) Conclusion
B) Methods
C) Results
D) Discussion

Answer 14

D) Discussion

Question 15

To perform an inferential statistics analysis, a researcher must first state:

A) a null hypothesis.
B) the standard deviation.
C) the level of significance.
D) the confidence interval.

Answer 15

A) a null hypothesis.

Question 16

What is the next step in a research project after the data are analyzed?

A) Determine the optimal course of action from the results
B) Present the material to professional associations
C) Conduct follow-up studies
D) Publish in a professional journal

Answer 16

A) Determine the optimal course of action from the results

Question 17

When the paramedic obtains informed consent from an authorized surrogate, this is known as:

A) implied consent.
B) consent by proxy.
C) stepped consent.
D) distant consent.

Answer 17

B) consent by proxy.

Question 18

Which of the following accurately describes a regulation observed by most institutional review boards?

A) When some of the subjects are likely to be vulnerable to coercion, additional safeguards are included in the study to protect the rights and welfare of these subjects.
B) More stringent informed consent than normal is obtained when risks to subjects are significantly greater than anticipated benefits.
C) In all cases, adequate provisions are made to protect the privacy of subjects and to maintain the confidentiality of data.
D) For all studies, adequate provisions are made to protect the privacy of subjects and to maintain the confidentiality of data.

Answer 18

A) When some of the subjects are likely to be vulnerable to coercion, additional safeguards are included in the study to protect the rights and welfare of these subjects.

Question 19

Which of the following is accurate regarding correlation and causation?

A) It is more difficult to prove causation than correlation.
B) Causation can be in a positive or negative direction.
C) A connection or association between two or more variables is known as causation.
D) To prove correlation, the variables must be properly controlled and measured using statistically valid methods.

Answer 19

A) It is more difficult to prove causation than correlation.

Question 20

Which of the following is an example of qualitative analysis?

A) Calculating the average weight of a group of people.
B) Determining the variability of a data set
C) Analyzing trends from focus group interviews
D) Evaluating whether results are statistically significant

Answer 20

C) Analyzing trends from focus group interviews