Ch 8 Flashcards
After analyzing data that looks at the relationship between response times and patient outcomes, which p-value would indicate that the finding was statistically significant?
A) 0.10
B) 0.5
C) 1.5
D) 0.05
D) 0.05
An issue that increases background variability and makes it more difficult to draw accurate conclusions from a study is called a:
A) nuisance variable.
B) random variable.
C) complicating variable.
D) confounding variable
A) nuisance variable.
How is the influence of confounding variables controlled?
A) By choosing the study design
B) Through statistical analysis techniques
C) By the use of inclusion and exclusion criteria
D) By including the widest possible population
C) By the use of inclusion and exclusion criteria
How well a study can predict rather than suggest a relationship is based on:
A) the hypothesis.
B) the research methods and design.
C) the types of statistical analyses performed.
D) the level of funding of the study.
B) the research methods and design.
In a double-blind study involving a drug, who would be aware of which intervention is being administered?
A) The participant receiving the placebo
B) The participant receiving the study drug
C) The researcher
D) The paramedic
C) The researcher
In scientific research, any factor or entity that can differ in amount or type is known as a(n):
A) variable.
B) range.
C) quantity.
D) unknown.
A) variable.
In what year did the National Association of EMS Physicians develop a consensus document to establish a process to create evidence-based guidelines for EMS?
A) 2010
B) 1998
C) 1990
D) 2016
D) 2016
Standard deviation measures how much variability there is from the:
A) mean.
B) hypothesis.
C) median.
D) mode.
A) mean.
The inclusion or exclusion criteria of a study should be provided in which section of a scientific manuscript?
A) Discussion
B) Introduction
C) Results
D) Methods
D) Methods
The National EMS Research Agenda was published in:
A) 1985.
B) 2001.
C) 1995.
D) 2012.
B) 2001.
The number that occurs more often than any other number in a data set is the:
A) mean.
B) average.
C) mode.
D) median.
C) mode.
The power of a study is:
A) its ability to detect a difference between groups whenever a difference exists.
B) the probability that the true value of a measurement lies within the range of two values.
C) the level of significance of its results.
D) how likely it is that the relationships seen in a sample will occur in the larger population.
A) its ability to detect a difference between groups whenever a difference exists.
The two main types of research designs are:
A) longitudinal and vertical.
B) retrospective and prospective.
C) cross-sectional and experimental.
D) descriptive and analytic.
D) descriptive and analytic.
To interpret the results of a study, it is most important to read which section?
A) Conclusion
B) Methods
C) Results
D) Discussion
D) Discussion
To perform an inferential statistics analysis, a researcher must first state:
A) a null hypothesis.
B) the standard deviation.
C) the level of significance.
D) the confidence interval.
A) a null hypothesis.
What is the next step in a research project after the data are analyzed?
A) Determine the optimal course of action from the results
B) Present the material to professional associations
C) Conduct follow-up studies
D) Publish in a professional journal
A) Determine the optimal course of action from the results
When the paramedic obtains informed consent from an authorized surrogate, this is known as:
A) implied consent.
B) consent by proxy.
C) stepped consent.
D) distant consent.
B) consent by proxy.
Which of the following accurately describes a regulation observed by most institutional review boards?
A) When some of the subjects are likely to be vulnerable to coercion, additional safeguards are included in the study to protect the rights and welfare of these subjects.
B) More stringent informed consent than normal is obtained when risks to subjects are significantly greater than anticipated benefits.
C) In all cases, adequate provisions are made to protect the privacy of subjects and to maintain the confidentiality of data.
D) For all studies, adequate provisions are made to protect the privacy of subjects and to maintain the confidentiality of data.
A) When some of the subjects are likely to be vulnerable to coercion, additional safeguards are included in the study to protect the rights and welfare of these subjects.
Which of the following is accurate regarding correlation and causation?
A) It is more difficult to prove causation than correlation.
B) Causation can be in a positive or negative direction.
C) A connection or association between two or more variables is known as causation.
D) To prove correlation, the variables must be properly controlled and measured using statistically valid methods.
A) It is more difficult to prove causation than correlation.
Which of the following is an example of qualitative analysis?
A) Calculating the average weight of a group of people.
B) Determining the variability of a data set
C) Analyzing trends from focus group interviews
D) Evaluating whether results are statistically significant
C) Analyzing trends from focus group interviews
