Ch. 8-10 Test Flashcards
Typically, ______ are people that children know and trust.
Abusers
Preschool children who have secure and satisfying relationships with parents approach interactions with peers more ______ and expect these interactions to be enjoyable.
Confidently
Before children’s behavior can be considered __________ children must first understand that other people can feel distress and pain and then intentionally engage in behaviors to cause such discomfort.
Aggressive
Refers to the ability to voluntarily control our thoughts and actions to achieve personal goals and respond to environmental contingencies.
Self-Regulation
Understanding the biologically based permanence of gender.
Gender Constancy
Our integrated view of the attributes, abilities, and attitudes that make us who we are.
Self-concept
Children who are impulsive or easily frustrated have difficulty inhibiting _____ behavior.
Inappropriate
_____ parents are high in warmth, but they also exert firm control.
Authoritative
Preschool and kindergarten teachers agree that self-regulatory skills, such as paying attention, following directions, and working independently, are essential for school _____.
Success
______ refers to any attempts parents make to change the behavior or attitude of their children.
Discipline
The value we add to the mental picture we have for ourselves.
Self-esteem
No single _____ has been identified to predict aggressive or antisocial behavior.
Gene
An understanding that other people are distinct from them and may have thought and feelings that are different from their own.
Theory of Mind
The ability to understand what another person is feeling and, as a consequence, experience the same or similar emotions.
Empathy
In general, research finds that boys are more _______ aggressive than girls, and this finding is consistent across age groups and cultures.
Physically
______ parents are characterized as being warm, but having little control.
Permissive
Involves feeling sorry or concerned for another person because he or she is experiencing negative emotions.
Sympathy
By the age of ______, most toddlers can tell you if they are a boy or girl.
Two
______ parents tend to be high in control and low in warmth and responsiveness.
Authoritarian
Supports moral development because it involves correction plus explanation.
Inductive Discipline
A second strategy involves organizing words based on ______ or connections.
Associations
______ is your knowledge and beliefs about your own cognitive processes.
Metacognition
_____ is when the child knows that an apparent change in one direction can be compensated for by a change in another direction.
Compensation
The US has over 5 million ________ from more than 350 different language backgrounds.
English Language Learners
Before the child enters school, the major influences on language development are forms of ______.
Spoken Language
_________ depends on a child’s abilities to focus on a single characteristic of objects in a set and group the objects according to that characteristic.
Classification
A _____ is a regional variation of a language characterized by distinct grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation.
Dialect
_____ is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.
ADHD
_______ are systematic procedures for improving memory.
Mnemonics
_______ provides guided practice or help to understand a rigorous task.
Scaffolding
Two main strategies to help with word organization are ______ and the syntagmatic-paradigmatic shift.
Chunking
Teaching methods for ______ students should encourage abstract thinking, creativity, and independence.
Gifted
By using ______ and word knowledge, children figure out what new, unfamiliar words might mean.
Context Clues
Working memory is made up of a ________ for verbal information.
Phonological loop
_____ is the understanding the quantities such as a number, weight, volume, or area stay the same even when their appearances change.
Conservation
______ the area between within a child’s development level (they can work independently).
Zone of Proximal Development
A ________ for visual information.
Visual Sketchpad
_______ is a more current name for what was once called mental retardation.
Intellectual Disability
________ involves the appropriate use of language to communicate.
Pragmatics
_________ is the process of making an orderly arrangement from large to small or vice versa.
Seriation
The ______ where information from the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and long-term memory are integrated together.
Episodic Buffer
Children without mutual ________ report more loneliness, and is associated with lower self-worth in adulthood.
Friendships
________ or aggressive behavior is intended to hurt others or to damage property.
Antisocial
Adults in schools are in a unique position to foster ______ in children.
Resilience
_______ refers to a person’s tendency to be attracted to members of the same sex.
Sexual Orientation
______ refers to the self-evaluative part of the self-concept and that self-evaluations often are based on feedback from others.
Self-esteem
The term _____ describes voluntary behavior intended to benefit other people.
Prosocial Behavior
_______ are people with whom we share a close, mutual, and dyadic relationship.
Friends
Some research indicates students’ level of engagement with the school is largely depended on the degree to which their needs for belonging, ________, and competence are being fulfilled.
Autonomy
_______ approaches to parenting are associated with better peer relationships.
Authoritative
________ is a composite of the beliefs and attitudes we have about ourselves.
Self-concept
Most children begin experiencing feelings of _________ attraction during late childhood.
Sexual
SWPBS stands for _______.
School-Wide Positive Behavior System
A _____ is a child who witnesses bullying behavior.
Bystander
The causes of childhood ______ are not well understood but are believed to fall in three categories relating to biology, temperament, and social factors.
Depression
_______ with teachers have an important impact on children’s adjustment to school.
Relationships
________ relationships provide a context for children to learn and practice a wide range of pro-social skills at home.
Sibling
Some children can ________ and cope with stressful situations better than others.
Adapt
__________ or the ability to imagine what other people are thinking and feeling develops gradually as children become less egocentric.
Perspective Taking
Early and intensive ______ programs support young children who are having difficulty.
Interventions
________ can threaten self-concept and lead to feelings of inadequacy.
Fears
______ are social groups that form on the basis of shared interests and values.
Peer groups
Research indicates that teachers ________ more with boys than girls
Interacts
_______ predominate peer groups in middle childhood.
Cliques
________ is “a willful act of aggression or manipulation by one or more people against another person or people.”
Bullying
Peer ________ is positively associated with academic achievement and attractive physical appearance and negatively associated with having an uncommon name.
Acceptance
________ involves both thought and behavior, assessing what is right and wrong.
Morality
