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MedTerm - Winter 2024 > Ch 8-10 > Flashcards

Ch 8-10 Flashcards

GET AN A ON THIS F-ING FINAL

1
Q

What body structure transfers oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body

A

Arteries

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2
Q

what body structure transfers blood from the rest of the body back to the heart

A

Veins

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3
Q

what are leaflets

A

Flat, leaf shaped structures that comprise the valves of the heart and prevent the backflow of blood

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4
Q

what is lumen

A

Tubular space or Chenoweth an organ or structure of the body; space within an artery, vein, intestine, or tube

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5
Q

what is regurgitation

A

Backflow or rejecting of contents through an opening

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6
Q

What is vasoconstriction

A

Narrowing of the lumen of a blood vessel that limits blood flow, usually as a result of diseases, medication, or physiological processes

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7
Q

what is vasodilation

A

Widening of the lumen of a blood vessel caused by the relaxing of muscles of the vascular walls

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8
Q

what is viscosity

A

Thickness or a measure of how resistant a liquid is to flowing

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9
Q

what are the three major types of vessels

A

Artery
capillary
vein

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10
Q

What are the three layers that make up the walls of large arteries (in order)

A

Tunica externa
tunica media
tunica intima

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11
Q

what is the tunica externa made of

A

connective tissue

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12
Q

what is the tunica media made of

A

smooth muscle

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13
Q

What is the tunica intima made of

A

endothelial cells

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14
Q

what are capillaries

A

Microscopic vessels that join the arterial system with the venous system

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15
Q

what are the names of the small structures found within veins that prevent backflow of blood

A

valves

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16
Q

what are the names of the three layers of the pericardium (in order inner->outer)

A

endocardium
myocardium
epicardium

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17
Q

What are the names of the four chambers of the heart

A

Right atrium (RA) - upper
Left atrium (LA) - upper
Right ventricle (RV) - lower
Left ventricle (LV) - lower

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18
Q

What is the role of the right atrium

A

to collect deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body and move it to the right ventricle

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19
Q

What is the role of the left atrium

A

to collect oxygenated blood from the lungs and move it to the left ventricle

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20
Q

What is the role of the right ventricle

A

To pump blood to the lungs for oxygenation

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21
Q

what is the role of the left ventricle

A

To pump the oxygenated blood to the rest of the body

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22
Q

What veins bring deoxygenated blood to the right atrium

A

superior vena cava
inferior vena cava

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23
Q

What valve separates the right atrium and right ventricle

A

tricuspid valve

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24
Q

What arteries bring blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

A

left pulmonary artery
right pulmonary artery

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25
Q

What valve separates the right ventricle and the pulmonary arteries

A

pulmonic valve

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26
Q

What veins bring oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

A

right pulmonary veins
left pulmonary veins

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27
Q

Which valve separates the left atrium and the left ventricle

A

mitral (bicuspid) valve

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28
Q

Which valve separates the left ventricle and the aorta

A

aortic semilunar valve (aortic valve)

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29
Q

Which artery vascularizes the right side of the heart

A

the right coronary artery

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30
Q

which artery vascularizes the left side of the heart

A

the left coronary artery

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31
Q

What are the names of the two branches of the left coronary artery

A

Left anterior descending artery
circumflex artery

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32
Q

What is the other name for the sinoatrial (SA) node

A

pacemaker of the heart

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33
Q

what is the sequence of the four structures responsible for conduction of a contraction impulse in the heart

A

sinoatrial (SA) node
atrioventricular (AV) node
bundle of his
purkinje fibers

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34
Q

what is blood pressure (BP)

A

The force exerted by blood against the arterial walls during two phases of a heartbeat

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35
Q

What are the two phases of a heartbeat

A

the contraction phase (systole) when the blood is forced out of the heart
the relaxation phase (diastole) when the ventricles are filling with blood

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36
Q

What is systole

A

the contraction phase of a heartbeat

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37
Q

What is diastole

A

the relaxation phase of a heartbeat

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38
Q

what are the amount of force produced by systole and diastole

A

systole - maximum force
diastole - weakest force

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39
Q

what does a sphygmomanometer do

A

Measure blood pressure

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40
Q

what five factors influence blood pressure

A

Resistance of blood flow and blood vessels
pumping action of the heart
viscosity of blood
elasticity of arteries
quantity of blood in the vascular system

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41
Q

What does the CF “aneurysm/o” mean

A

aneurysm (widened blood vessel)

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42
Q

What is the CF for “aneurysm”

A

aneurysm/o

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43
Q

What does the CF “angi/o” mean

A

vessel (usuall blood or lymph)

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44
Q

What are the CFs for “vessel”

A

angi/o
vascul/o

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45
Q

What does the CF “vascul/o” mean

A

vessel (usually blood or lymph)

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46
Q

What does the CF “aort/o” mean

A

aorta

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47
Q

What is the CF for “aorta”

A

aort/o

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48
Q

What does the CF “arteri/o” mean

A

artery

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49
Q

What is the CF for “artery”

A

arteri/o

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50
Q

What does the CF “arteriol/o” mean

A

arterioles

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51
Q

What is the CF for “arterioles”

A

“arteriol/o”

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52
Q

What does the CF “atri/o” mean

A

atrium

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53
Q

What is the CF for “atrium”

A

atri/o

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54
Q

What does the CF “ather/o” mean

A

fatty plaque

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55
Q

What is the CF for “fatty plaque”

A

ather/o

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56
Q

What does the CF “electr/o” mean

A

electricity

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57
Q

What is the CF for “electricity”

A

electr/o

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58
Q

What does the CF “embol/o” mean

A

embolus (plug)

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59
Q

What is the CF for “embolus”

A

embol/o

60
Q

What does the CF “hemangi/o” mean

A

blood vessel

61
Q

What is the CF for “blood vessel”

A

hemangi/o

62
Q

What does the CF “my/o” mean

A

muscle

63
Q

What is the CF for “muscle”

A

my/o

64
Q

What does the CF “phleb/o” mean

A

vein

65
Q

What are the CFs for “vein”

A

phleb/o
ven/o

66
Q

What does the CF “ven/o” mean

A

vein

67
Q

What does the CF “sept/o” mean

A

septum

68
Q

What is the CF for “septum”

A

sept/o

69
Q

What does the CF “sphygm/o” mean

A

pulse

70
Q

What is the CF for “pulse”

A

sphygm/o

71
Q

What does the CF “sten/o” mean

A

narrowing, stricture

72
Q

What is the CF for “narrowing/stricture”

A

sten/o

73
Q

What does the CF “thromb/o” mean

A

blood clot

74
Q

What is the CF for “blood clot”

A

thromb/o

75
Q

What does the CF “valv/o” mean

A

valve

76
Q

What are the CFs for “valve”

A

valv/o
valvul/o

77
Q

What does the CF “valvul/o” mean

A

valve

78
Q

What does the CF “ventricul/o” mean

A

ventricle (of the heart or brain)

79
Q

What is the CF for “ventricle”

A

ventricul/o

80
Q

What does the suffix -cardia mean

A

heart condition

81
Q

What is the suffix for “heart condition”

A

-cardia

82
Q

What does the suffix -stenosis mean

A

narrowing, stricture

83
Q

What is the suffix for “narrowing/stricture”

A

-stenosis

84
Q

What is the name for the medical specialty concerned with disorders of the cardiovascular system

A

cardiology

85
Q

what is arteriosclerosis

A

A progressive degenerative disease of arterial walls that causes them to become thickened and brittle restricting blood flow to tissues and organs

86
Q

what is coronary artery disease (CAD)

A

Any disease that interferes with the ability of the coronary arteries that supply blood to the myocardium

87
Q

what is endocarditis

A

Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart and its valves

88
Q

what are varicose veins

A

Enlarged, engorged, twisted, superficial veins caused by failure to prevent backflow of blood

89
Q

(T/F) Most cancers of the heart originate in the heart

A

False - most cancers of the heart originate from another area of the body and then metastasize to the heart

90
Q

what is an aneurysm

A

Localized abnormal dilation of a vessel, usually an artery

91
Q

what is angina

A

Chest pain caused by obstructions or spasms of the coronary artery that decrease blood flow to the myocardium; also called angina pectoris

92
Q

what is arrhythmia

A

Irregularity in the rate or rhythm of the heart; also called dysrhythmia

93
Q

what is bradycardia

A

Abnormally slow heart rate, usually fewer than 60 beats per minute in a resting adult

94
Q

what is fibrillation

A

Abnormally rapid, uncoordinated quivering of the myocardium that can affect the atria or the ventricles

95
Q

what is heart block

A

Interference with the normal transmission of electrical impulses from the SA node to the purkinje fibers

96
Q

what is tachycardia

A

Abnormally fast for regular rhythm, with a heart possibly beating up to 200 bpm

97
Q

What is bruit

A

Soft, blowing sound heard on auscultation and associated valvular action, the movement of blood as it passes in obstruction, or both; also called murmur

98
Q

What is cardiomyopathy

A

Disease or weakening of heart muscle that diminishes cardiac function

99
Q

what is coarctation

A

Narrowing of a vessel, especially the aorta

100
Q

what is an embolism

A

Intravascular mass that dislodges from one part of the body and causes a blockage in another area, commonly leading to life-threatening situations

101
Q

what is heart failure (HF)

A

Disorder that occurs when the heart is unable to effectively pump the quantity of blood required by the body

102
Q

what is hyperlipidemia

A

Excessive amounts of lipids (cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides) in the blood

103
Q

what is hypertension

A

Elevated blood pressure persistently higher than 140/90 mmHg

104
Q

what is hypotension

A

low blood pressure persistently lower than 90/60 mmHg

105
Q

what is mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

A

Structural defect in which the mitral (bicuspid) valve leaflets prolapse into the left atrium during ventricular contraction (systole), resulting in incomplete closure and backflow of blood

106
Q

what is palpitation

A

Sensation of an irregular heartbeat, commonly described as pounding, racing, skipping a beat, or flutter

107
Q

what is peripheral artery disease (PAD)

A

Common circulatory disorder characterized by reduce flow of blood to the extremities, especially the legs, resulting in muscle cramping in pain, and commonly the only result atherosclerosis

108
Q

what is phlebitis

A

Information of a deep or superficial vein in the arms or legs (more commonly the legs)

109
Q

what is rheumatic heart disease or (RHD)

A

Serious pathological condition resulting from rheumatic fever, commonly causing permanent scarring of the heart valves, especially the mitral valve

110
Q

what is syncope

A

Partial or complete loss of consciousness usually caused by a decrease supply of blood to the brain; also called fainting

111
Q

what is thrombosis

A

Abnormal condition in which a blood clot develops in a vessel and obstructs it at the site of its formation

112
Q

what is deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

A

Blood clot that forms in the deep veins of the body, especially those in the legs or thighs; also called deep venous thrombosis

113
Q

What is electrocardiography

A

Procedure that graphically records the spread of electrical excitation to different parts of the heart using small metal electrodes applied to the chest, arms, and legs

114
Q

what is a Holter monitor test

A

Procedure that uses a small, portable system to record install the electrical activity of the heart over 24 to 48 hour period; also called event monitor test

115
Q

what is a stress test

A

ECG taken under controlled exercise stress conditions (bicycle or treadmill)

116
Q

what is a cardiac biomarkers test

A

Blood test that measures the presence and amount of several substances released by the heart when it is damaged or under stress; also called cardiac enzyme test

117
Q

what is a lipid panel

A

Series of blood tests (total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, and triglycerides) used to assess risk factors of ischemic heart disease

118
Q

what is an angiography

A

Procedure that records a radiographic image of the inside of a blood vessel (angiogram) after injection of a contrast medium

119
Q

what is an aortography

A

Angiography of the aorta and its branches after injection of a contrast medium

120
Q

what is a coronary angiography

A

Specialized type of angiography that helps diagnosed analysis or obstruction of the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle

121
Q

what is a Doppler US

A

Ultrasonography used to assess the direction and speed of blood flow through blood vessels but reflecting sound waves of red blood vessels; also called ultrasonography using sound pitch

122
Q

what is a carotid artery US

A

Ultrasound procedure that determines blood flow problems, by blood clots, Platte, or tears on the walls of the carotid arteries

123
Q

is echocardiography (ECHO)

A

Ultrasound test that produces moving images of blood passing through the heart, valves, and chambers, and assesses cardiac output

124
Q

What is myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI)

A

Non-invasive imaging using a radio active tracer in conjunction with a stress test to show how well blood flows through (perfuses) the heart muscle at rest and during exercise; also called nuclear stress test

125
Q

what is single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

A

No cardio perfusion test that involves injection of a radioactive tracer into blood while gamma camera moves and circle around the patient to create individual images as “slices” of the heart (tomography)

126
Q

what is cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

Specialized MRI procedure that provides images of the heart chambers, valves, major vessels, and pericardium

127
Q

what is magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)

A

Type of MRI that provides highly detailed images of blood vessels

128
Q

what is multiple-gated acquisition (MUGA) scan

A

Nuclear procedure that uses radioactive tracers to detect how effectively the heart walls move it to contract and then calculate the ejection fraction rate (amount of blood the vegetable can pump out in one contraction)

129
Q

what is cardiac catheterization (CC)

A

Passage of a catheter into the hearts are with Zane or are going to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the heart

130
Q

what is electrophysiology study (EPS)

A

Special catheterization test that involves insertion of electrode catheters in the heart to study and map the conduction system and safely reproduce the abnormal heart rhythm affecting the patient’s heart

131
Q

what is an angioplasty

A

Endovascular procedure that reopens narrow blood vessels to restore forward blood flow

132
Q

what is a percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)

A

Angioplasty of the coronary arteries that involves insertion of a balloon catheter through the right femoral artery to the site of the stenosis to enlarge the lumen of the artery and restore blood flow

133
Q

what is cardiac ablation

A

Procedure in which a catheter is inserted through a van in the groin and brought it to the heart to correct structural problems in the heart that cause an arrhythmia

134
Q

what is a coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

A

Placement of a vessel graft from another part of the body to bypass the blocked area of a coronary artery and restore blood supply to the heart muscle

135
Q

what is an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)

A

Small, battery powered device inserted within the chest of a patient who is at high risk for developing an arrhythmia, such as ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, or cardiac arrest; also called automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (AICD)

136
Q

what is open-heart surgery

A

Surgical procedure in which the sternum is cut in half vertically to open the chest and expose the heart, its valves, or the arteries

137
Q

What is pacemaker insertion

A

Implantation of a battery power device inside the chest to control the heart rate and rhythm

138
Q

what is defibrillation

A

Life-saving emergency treatment to restore the heart and cardio respiratory arrest by delivering high voltage electricity current through the heart

139
Q

what is cardioversion

A

Defibrillation technique using low energy shocks to reset the hearts rhythm back to its normal pattern

140
Q

What do angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors do

A

Lower blood pressure by inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I (an active enzyme) to angiotensin II (a potent vasoconstrictor)

141
Q

What do angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) do

A

Lower blood pressure by blocking the angiotensin II enzyme from causing vasoconstruction

142
Q

What do antiarrhythmics do

A

Prevent, alleviate, or correct cardiac arrhythmias (disarrhythmias) by stabilizing the electrical conduction of the heart

143
Q

What do beta blockers do

A

Block the effects of adrenaline, which slows nerve pulses through the heart, causing a decrease in heart rate

144
Q

what do calcium channel blockers do

A

Black movement of calcium (required for blood vessel contraction) into myocardial cells and arterial walls, causing heart rate and blood pressure to decrease

145
Q

what do diuretics do

A

Act on kidneys to increase excretion of water and sodium

146
Q

what do nitrates do

A

Dilate blood vessels of the heart, causing an increase in the amount of oxygen delivered to the myocardium, and widen blood vessels of the body, allowing more blood flow to the heart

147
Q

what do statins do

A

Lower cholesterol in the blood and reduce its production in the liver by blocking the enzyme that produces it

MedTerm - Winter 2024 (3 decks)

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