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Anatomy > Ch 7 The Skeletal System (Part 1) > Flashcards

Ch 7 The Skeletal System (Part 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the skeletal system made of?

A

bones, cartilages, and ligaments

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2
Q

What is cartilage?

A

lessen friction in joints and allow for expansion of bony frame

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3
Q

What are ligaments?

A

connect bone to bone at joints

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4
Q

What are tendons?

A

connect bone to muscle

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5
Q

What are the functions of the bone and their characteristics?

A

1) Support - holds up the body
2) Protect - soft tissue like brain
3) Movement - by coordinated action of muscle and bone
4) Electrolyte Balance - by storage of calcium and phosphate
5) Acid Base Balance - buffers blood against pH changes by absorbing/releasing alkaline (basic) salts
6) Blood Formation - red bone marrow is major producer of blood cells

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6
Q

What are the classifications by shape and their characteristics?

A

1) Long - femur, thigh bone, leg, arm
2) Short - carpal, wrist, ankle
3) Flat - parietal bone from roof of skull
4) Irregular - sphenoid bone from skull, vertebrae

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7
Q

What is the long shaft of a bone called?

A

diaphysis

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8
Q

What are the 2 expanded ends of a bone called?

A

epiphysis

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9
Q

What does articular cartilage do?

A

reduces friction

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10
Q

What is the medullary cavity?

A

shaft of long bone that has a hallow center

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11
Q

What is marrow?

A

soft connective tissue

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12
Q

What are the 2 membranes?

A

periosteum and endosteum

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13
Q

What is the periosteum membrane?

A
  • on outside of bone
  • glistening white double membrane
  • has osteoblasts and osteoclasts
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14
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

builders, make bone

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15
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

construction, collapse, break down bone

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16
Q

What is the endosteum membrane?

A
  • on inside of bone
  • delicate connective tissue
  • lines canals in bone
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17
Q

What is a compact bone?

A
  • primarily in diaphysis
  • tough, tightly packed, no spaces
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18
Q

What is a spongy bone?

A
  • primarily in ephiphyses
  • covered by thin layer of compact bone
  • numerous branching bone plates with spaces between
  • spaces reduce bone’s weight
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19
Q

What is trabeculae?

A

the spaces between the branching bone plates

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20
Q

What is an osteon?

A

structural unit, tiny support pillars

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21
Q

What is a central canal?

A

central tube with nerves and blood vessels, connect with perforating canals at right angles

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22
Q

What is a perforating canal?

A

the channel between each central canal to connect them

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23
Q

What is endosteum?

A

the lining of canals

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24
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

mature cells in lacunae

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25
Q

What are canaliculi?

A

connect lacunae with each other and the central canal, allow for passage of nutrients and wastes

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26
Q

What are lamellae?

A

concentric rings within the osteon

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27
Q

What are the 2 types of bone?

A

intramembranous and endochondral

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28
Q

What is intramembranous bone?

A
  • forms broad, flat bones of skull
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29
Q

What is the special connective tissue cells?

A
  • Differentiate into osteoblasts > become active > deposit bony matrix around themselves
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30
Q

What is endochondral bone?

A
  • develops from masses of hyaline cartilage
  • cartilage acts like a model
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31
Q

What is the bone development?

A
  • hyaline cartilage model forms bone collar
  • cavity forms in hyaline cartilage
  • periosteal bud invades > spongy bone
  • medullary cavity forms (spongy bone broken down)
  • epiphysis ossify > only growth plates remain as cartilage > site of future long bone growth
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32
Q

T or F: Bone is not static.

A

True

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33
Q

What are the 2 steps in remodeling?

A

1) bone deposit - new bone continually laid down by osteoblasts
2) bone resorption - old bone continually broken down by osteoclasts, mostly done to get calcium

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34
Q

What are the triggers of bone remodeling?

A

hormonal (blood calcium levels) and mechanical (break or bruise)

35
Q

What is calcium homeostasis?

A
  • Skeletons body’s major reservoir of calcium
  • Body maintains Ca2t ion level within marrow units
  • Osteoporosis
36
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

worn out bone not replaced with new bone fast enough, or too much existing bone is reabsorbed, or both

37
Q

What are the body’s 2 calcium reservoirs?

A

1) a large pool which is in a form not readily exchanged with blood
2) exchangeable calcium which is easily released into blood when blood calcium levels drop

38
Q

What are the normal ion values?

A

Calcium > 10mg / 100mL
Phosphorus > 4mg / 100mL

39
Q

What happens when blood calcium is high?

A

thyroid releases calcitonin
- reduces calcium reabsorption by kidneys > more calcium is excreted in urine
- increases calcium deposit in bone

40
Q

What happens when blood calcium is low?

A

parathyroid releases parathyroid hormone
- stimulates release of calcium by bone
- stimulates calcium reabsorption by kidney and with vitamin D increases calcium uptake in intestines

41
Q

What is nondisplaced vs. displaced fracture?

A

ends in normal position or not?

42
Q

What is complete vs. incomplete fracture?

A

bone broken through or not?

43
Q

What is open (compound) vs. closed (simple) fracture?

A

skin broken or not?

44
Q

What is a greenstick fracture?

A

usually seen in children, bone is fractured only on one side

45
Q

What is a spiral fracture?

A

break is caused by a twisting force, difficult to treat, common causes: skiing, football, soccer, in children - may be a sign of abuse

46
Q

What is a compression fracture?

A

the bone is crushed, causing the broken bone to be wider or flatter in appearance

47
Q

What is the healing of fractures?

A
  • hematoma formation (blood clot)
  • fibrocartilages callus formation
  • bony callus formation
  • bone remodeling
48
Q

What is the skeleton?

A
  • greek word meaning “dried up body” or “mummy”
  • accounts for 20% of body mass which includes bones, cartilages, joints, ligaments
49
Q

What does the axial skeleton contain?

A

skull, hyoid, vertebral column, sacrum, coccyx (tailbone), and thoracic cage

50
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton contain?

A

pectoral girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle, and lower limb

51
Q

What is a pectoral girdle?

A

scapula and clavicle

52
Q

What is a girdle?

A

ring of tissue

53
Q

What is the skull?

A
  • 22 bones > 8 cranial and 14 facial
  • most are flat bones
  • all connected by suture lines except movable mandible (lower jaw)
  • brain occupies cranial cavity > all bones that enclose it are called “cranial vault”
54
Q

What is the cranium?

A
  • encloses and protects brain
  • attachment point for muscles of massification (chewing) and head movement
  • has sinuses
55
Q

What are sinuses?

A
  • air filled spaces
  • mucous membrane lining
  • reduce skull weight
  • increases resonance of voice (echo)
56
Q

What are sutures?

A

an immovable joint of the skull (the line between bones)

57
Q

What is the frontal bone?

A
  • supraorbital foramen
  • 2 frontal sinuses
58
Q

What is the supraorbital foramen?

A

blood vessels and nerves > tissues of forehead

59
Q

What are frontal sinuses?

A
  • above the eyes
  • lighten skull
60
Q

What are parietal bones?

A
  • behind frontal bones
  • forms sides and roof of cranium
  • fused at sagittal suture
  • meet frontal bone at coronal suture
61
Q

What is the occipital bone?

A
  • joins parietal at lambdoidal suture
  • forms back of skull and base of cranium
62
Q

What is foramen magnum?

A

large hole on base for passage of spinal cord from brain

63
Q

What are occipital condyles?

A
  • rounded knobs on either side of the foramen magnum that articulate with 1st vertebrae (the atlas)
  • holds up the most important part of the body and helps nod head yes
64
Q

What is external occipital protuberance?

A

knob on back of skull, muscle attachment

65
Q

What are temporal bones?

A
  • joins parietal bone at squamosal suture
66
Q

What is external acoustic meatus?

A

leads to inner ear

67
Q

What is mandibular fossa?

A

articulate with condyles of the mandible

68
Q

What is the mastoid process?

A

attachment for muscles of neck

69
Q

What is the styloid process?

A

attachment for muscles of tongue

70
Q

What is the zygomatic process?

A

part of cheekbone

71
Q

What is a sphenoid bone?

A
  • cornerstone of skull
  • forms base of cranium, sides of skull, sides and base of orbits of eye
  • 2 sphenoidal sinuses
72
Q

What is a sella turcica?

A
  • “horses saddle”
  • depression for pituitary gland
73
Q

What makes up an ethmoid bone?

A
  • cribriform plate
  • crista galli
  • perpendicular plate
  • conchae
  • ethmoidal sinuses
74
Q

What is the cribriform plate in an ethmoid bone?

A

roof of nasal cavities, has olfactory foramina for olfactory nerves

75
Q

What is crista galli in an ethmoid bone?

A

“rooster’s comb”, dura mater (brain covering) attaches here to help secure the brain

76
Q

What is a perpendicular plate?

A

forms top half of nasal septum

77
Q

What is a conchae?

A

project into nasal cavities to swirl air before it enters respiratory tract

78
Q

What is the infantile skull?

A
  • allows for some compression as baby passes through birth canal
  • skull bones thinner and more flexible than in an adult > fewer fractures during falls + room for brain growth
79
Q

What are fotanels?

A

membranous areas where ossification is not complete, soft spots

80
Q

What is craniosynostosis?

A
  • premature closure of cranial sutures
  • limits growth of skull if left untreated
  • may cause mental disabilities
  • can be surgically repaired
81
Q

What are facial bones?

A
  • there are 14 bones
  • unpaired are mandible (lower jaw) and vomer
  • paired are maxillary (fused upper jaw), zygomatic (cheekbones), nasal, lacrimal, palatine, and inferior nasal conchae
82
Q

What is the nasal cavity?

A
  • bone + hyaline cartilage
  • roof of nasal cavity = cribriform plate of ethmoid
  • nasal septum = left vs right
  • paranasal sinuses = lighten skull
83
Q

What is a hyoid bone?

A
  • not really part of the skull
  • only bone of body with no direct articulation, which means it does not touch another bone
  • anchored by ligaments to styloid process
  • attaches to neck muscles; helps raise/lower larynx in speech

Anatomy (3 decks)

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