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Anatomy > Ch 5 Tissues > Flashcards

Ch 5 Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What is a tissue?

A

a group of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common function

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2
Q

What does extracellular mean?

A

outside of the cell

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3
Q

What are the 4 major types of tissues and what are their functions?

A

epithelial - cover and line
connective - support and bind
nervous - control and coordinate
muscle - movement

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4
Q

What is histology?

A

the study of tissues

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5
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A

sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity

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6
Q

How does epithelial tissue occur in the body?

A

covers and lines epithelium
glandular epithelium

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7
Q

What are some of the epithelial characteristics?

A

always has a free (apical) surface - exposed to outside or free internal space (lumen)
underside (basal surface) attached to connective tissue by basement membrane
avascular - no blood vessels
innervated - has nerve supply
divide readily - easy to repair/replace
tightly packed - good barrier
other functions - secretion, absorption, excretion, and sensory reception

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8
Q

What are the epithelial functions?

A

cover and line - outside on skin
secretion - spit out the good stuff
absorption
excretion - spit out the bad stuff
diffusion

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9
Q

What does the 2 part naming system consist of?

A

First name (# of cells; simple or stratified) + second name (cell shape; squamous, cuboidal, or columnar)

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10
Q

What is the difference between simple and stratified?

A

simple - single cell layer
stratified - more than one layer

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11
Q

What is the difference between squamous, cuboidal, and columnar?

A

squamous - flat
cuboidal - cube
columnar - elongated

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12
Q

What is simple squamous epithelium?

A

Appearance - single layer of thin and flat cells; looks like a fried egg from the top
Location - lining of blood vessels and air sacs (alveoli) of lungs
Function: diffusion (thin), secretion, filtration

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13
Q

What is simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

Appearance - cube - shaped cells; round nuclei
Location - the lining of kidney tubules, covers surface of ovary, lens of eye; ducts of glands
Function - secretion and absorption

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14
Q

What is simple columnar epithelium?

A

Appearance - cells are elongated, ciliated or non - ciliated, nuclei at same level, goblet cells secrete mucus
Location - in small bronchial (lungs) and uterine tubes
Function - absorption of nutrients from digested food, secretion, protects underlying tissue

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15
Q

What is pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

Appearance - all cells on basement membrane, but very in height; nuclei at different levels
Location - ciliated with goblet cells in upper respiratory, nonciliated in sperm and ducts of some glands
Function - secretion (mucus) and absorption

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16
Q

What is stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Appearance - several layers of cells, flat on top
Location - keratinized epidermis of the skin, water - proofing; nonkeratinized lining of mouth, vagina, esophagus and tongue
Function - protection from abrasion

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17
Q

What is stratified columnar epithelium?

A

Appearance - rare, several cell layers, basal cells cuboidal, top cells columnar
Location - small amounts in male urethra and salivary glands
Function - protection and secretion (mucus)

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18
Q

What is transitional epithelium?

A

Appearance - apical cells may be domed or squamous like depending on whether bladder is full or empty
Location - lining of urinary organs
Function - stretches

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19
Q

What is glandular epithelium?

A

Gland - one or more cells that produce and secrete substances into ducts or body fluids

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20
Q

What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?

A

exocrine - secrete into ducts that open onto some internal or external surface
endocrine - secrete products into tissue fluid or blood

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21
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

Secretions include sweat, mucus, oil, ear wax, and digestive enzymes
Examples: sweat gland and salivary glands
Unicellular (goblet cells) or multicellular (sweat gland, salivary glands)
Divided into merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine

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22
Q

What is merocrine?

A

watery product released by exocytosis

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23
Q

What is apocrine?

A

product and portion of cell pinch off; a piece of cell

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24
Q

What is holocrine?

A

entire cell with product disintegrate; whole cell

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25
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

Ductless glands
Secretions enter the extracellular fluid and then directly diffuse into the bloodstream
Secretions are called hormones
Examples: pituitary, thyroid, adrenal

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26
Q

What are hormones?

A

they regulate many metabolic and physiological functions to maintain homeostasis

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27
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

most common tissue, amount varies by organ

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28
Q

What are the 4 main classes of connective tissue?

A

Connective tissue proper
Cartilage
Osseous (bone)
Blood

29
Q

What are the functions of connective tissues?

A

binding and support
protection
insulation
transportation of substances within body (blood)

30
Q

What are the common characteristics of connective tissue?

A

All from the same embryonic tissue (mesenchyme)
Mainly composed of nonliving extracellular matrix; allows tissue to bear weight, withstand tension, endure abuses

31
Q

What are the structural parts of connective tissue?

A

ground substance
fibers
cells - very diverse

32
Q

What is the areolar connective tissue ground substance?

A

supports cells, binds them together and provides a medium through which substances are exchanged between the blood and cells
may be watery (blood) –> thick gel (cartilage) –> hard (bone)
fibers embedded within make it less pliable

33
Q

What are the areolar connective tissue collagenous fibers?

A

collagen; extremely strong; crosslinked fibers banded together; ligaments and tendons

34
Q

What are the areolar connective tissue elastic fibers?

A

made of resilient elastin (rubberlike protein); weaker than collagenous but stretch and snap back easily; vocal cords, skin, blood vessel walls

35
Q

What are the areolar connective tissue reticular fibers?

A

fuzzy nets of delicate fibers; to collagen but extra fine; around capillaries and soft organ tissue

36
Q

What are the 6 connective tissue cell types and functions?

A

Fibroblasts - secrete matrix
Macrophages - perform phagocytosis
Plasma cells - secrete antibodies
Mast cells - produce histamine in reaction to foreign invaders –> inflammatory response
Adipocytes - store fat
White blood cells - migrate from blood in response to infections

37
Q

What are the connective tissue classifications?

A

Connective tissue proper - loose connective tissue (areolar, adipose, reticular) and dense connective tissue (dense regular, dense irregular, elastic)
Cartilage
Bone - cover with skeletal
Blood - cover with cardiovascular

38
Q

What is loose connective tissue areolar?

A

gel like matrix
cells = fibroblasts
all three fiber types
wraps and cushions organs
holds tissue fluid
attaches skin to underlying tissue

39
Q

What is loose connective tissue adipose?

A

nucleus pushed to side by large fat droplet
spare source of fuel for body
insulation
support for organs

40
Q

What is loose connective tissue reticular?

A

similar to areolar, but only has reticular fibers
found in: lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen only

41
Q

What is dense regular connective tissue?

A

Found in tendons and ligaments
Structure is parallel collagen fibers and fibroblasts

42
Q

What is dense irregular connective tissue?

A

Irregular arrangement of collagen fibers
Can withstand tension in many directions
Dermis of the skin + fibrous capsules of joints and organs

43
Q

What is elastic connective tissue?

A

High percent elastic fibers
Found where recoil of tissues is critical

44
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

45
Q

What are chondrocytes?

A

they do not divide often

46
Q

What is hyaline cartilage?

A

Cells: chondrocytes in lacunae
Appearance: glassy white/pink with “eyes”, many collagen fibers but they don’t show up against matrix
Functions: resilient, supports and reinforces, template for developing bone
Locations: embryonic skeleton, costal cartilage of ribs, end of nose, trachea, vocal cords

47
Q

What is fibrocartilage?

A

Appearance: thick collagen fibers run in parallel
Function: absorbs shock well
Location: intervertebral and knee discs

48
Q

What is elastic cartilage?

A

Appearance: like hyaline, but has threadlike elastic fibers in matrix
Function: provides shape and flexibility
Location: external ear

49
Q

What is a bone?

A

Hard calcified matrix
Cells: osteocytes in lacunae
Good vascular supply
Functions: supports and protects, levers for movement, stores calcium, phosphorus, marrow is site for blood cell formation

50
Q

What is blood?

A

Appearance: red and white blood cells in fluid matrix (plasma)
Function: transport of gases, nutrients, wastes

51
Q

What is an epithelial membrane?

A

it consists of an epithelial layer overlying a connective tissue layer

52
Q

What are mucous membranes?

A

lines cavities that open to the exterior such as the GI tract, oral, nasal; moist

53
Q

What are serous membranes?

A

lines closed cavities and covers the organs in the cavities (like liver,heart, lungs, etc.)

54
Q

What are cutaneous membranes?

A

the skin

55
Q

What are synovial membranes?

A

they line joint cavities

56
Q

How many cell types are in the nervous tissue? Name them.

A

2
Neuron and Neuroglia

57
Q

What is a neuron?

A

generate and conduct nerve impulses; cytoplasmic processes

58
Q

What is neuroglia?

A

nonconducting; support, insulate, protect

59
Q

ATUW - adip

A

fat

60
Q

ATUW - chondr

A

cartilage

61
Q

ATUW - cyt

A

cell

62
Q

ATUW - epi

A

upon

63
Q

ATUW - glia

A

glue

64
Q

ATUW - inter

A

between

65
Q

ATUW - macr

A

large

66
Q

ATUW - os

A

bone

67
Q

ATUW - pseud

A

false

68
Q

ATUW - squam

A

scale

69
Q

ATUW - strat

A

layer

Anatomy (3 decks)

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