Ch. 7 Nervous System Terms And Conditions Flashcards
Agents that relieves pain by blocking nerve sensations
Anesthetic
Agents that induces sleep
Hypnotic
Agents that relieves feelings of agitation
Sedative
Agents that relieve pain by inducing a stuporous or euphoric state
Narcotics
Agent that lessens or prevents convulsions
Anticonvulsant
Agent that relieves or eliminates pain
Analgesics
Surgical severing of the vagus nerve
Vagotomy
Suturing of a severed nerve
Neurorrhaphy
Dissection of a nerve
Neurotomy
Surgical removal of a nerve
Neurectomy
Surgical repair of a nerve
Neuroplasty
Destruction of deep-seated brain structures using 3D coordinates to locate the structures
Stereotaxy / stereotactic surgery
Incision into the skull
Craniotomy
Removal of a part of the skull
Craniectomy
Incision into the frontal lobe of the brain
Lobotomy
- Removal of one of the lobes of the lung
- Removal of a portion of the brain to treat certain disorders
Lobectomy
Nervous system disorder that causes uncontrollable, sudden lapses into deep sleep
Narcolepsy
Extreme sleepiness caused by a neurological disorder
Somnolence
Loss of consciousness due to a sudden lack of oxygen in the brain
Fainting / syncope
Loss of speech
Aphasia
Speech difficulty
Dysphasia
Abnormal widening of an artery wall that bursts and released blood; ballooning of the artery wall caused by weakness in the wall
Aneurysm
Stroke caused by blood escaping from a damaged cerebral artery
Hemorrhagic stroke
Mass of foreign material blocking a vessel; clot from somewhere in the body that blocks a small blood vessel in the brain
Embolus
Sudden stroke caused by an embolus
Embolic stroke
Short neurological incident usually not resulting in permanent injury, but usually signaling that a larger stroke may occur
Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
Stroke caused by a thrombus
Thrombotic stroke
Blocking of a blood vessel, the closing of a blood vessel
Occlusion
Blood clot; stationary blood clot in the cardiovascular system, usually formed from matter found in the blood
Thrombus
Neurological incident caused by disruption in the normal blood supply to the brain; stroke
Cerebro vascular accident
Any group of nerve cell bodies forming a mass or a cyst in the peripheral nervous system; usually forms in the wrist
Ganglion
Most malignant form of glioma
Glioblastoma multiforme
Type of glioma formed from oligodendroglia
Oligodendroglioma
Type of glioma formed from astrocytes
Astrocytoma
Tumor that arises from the meninges
Meningioma
- Pain in the lower back, radiating down the leg, from a herniated disk or other injury/condition
- Inflammation of the sciatic nerve
Sciatica
Inflammation of the spinal nerve roots
Radiculitis
Meningitis caused by a virus and not as severe as pyrogenic meningitis
Viral meningitis
Meningitis caused by bacteria, can be fatal; bacterial meningitis
Pyrogenic meningitis
Inflammation of the meninges
Meningitis
Viral disease affecting peripheral nerves and caused by herpes zoster
Shingles
Neurological disorder that causes uncontrollable speech sounds and tics
Tourette syndrome
Severe epileptic seizure accompanied by convulsion, twitching, and loss of consciousness
Grand mal seizure
Severe epileptic seizure accompanied by convulsions, twitching, and loss of consciousness
Tonic-clonic seizure
Mild epileptic seizure consisting of brief disorientation with the environment
Petit mal seizure
Mild epileptic seizure consisting of brief disorientation with the environment
Absence seizure
Group of symptoms that precede a seizure
Aura
Chronic recurrent seizure activity
Epilepsy
Condition with uncoordinated voluntary muscular movements, usually resulting from disorders of the cerebellum or spinal cord
Ataxia
Paralysis of one side of the face; usually temporary
Bell’s palsy
Congenital disease caused by damage to the cerebrum during gestation or birth and resulting in a lack of motor coordination
Cerebral palsy
Partial or complete paralysis
Palsy
Substance in the brain or manufactured substance that helps relieve symptoms of Parkinson’s disease
Dopamine
Degeneration of the nerves in the brain caused by lack of sufficient dopamine
Parkinson disease
Disease involving overproduction of antibodies that block certain neurotransmitters; caused muscle weakness
Myasthenia gravis
Abnormal sensation, such as tingling
Parasthesia
Destruction of myelin sheath, particularly in multiple sclerosis
Demyelination
Degenerative disease with loss of myelin, resulting in muscle weakness, extreme fatigue, and some paralysis
Multiple sclerosis
Hereditary disorder with uncontrollable, jerking movements
Huntington chorea
Degenerative disease of the motor neurons leading to the loss of muscular control and death
Lou Gehrig disease
Degenerative disease of the motor neurons leading to the loss of muscular control and death
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Inability to receive and understand outside stimuli
Agnosia
Inability to properly use familiar objects
Apraxia
Loss of memory
Amnesia
A type of degenerative brain disease causing thought disorders, gradual loss of muscle control, and, eventually, death
Alzheimer’s disease
Deterioration in mental capacity, usually in the elderly
Dementia
Overproduction of fluid in the brain
Hydrocephalus
Hereditary disease that causes deterioration in the central nervous system and, eventually, death
Tay-Sachs disease
In spina bifida cyst is, protrusion of the meninges and spinal cord above the surface of the skin
Meningimyelocele
Congenital defect with deformity of the spinal column
Spina bifida
Withdrawal of cerebrospinal fluid from between 2 lumbar vertebrae
Lumbar puncture
Reflex on the plantar surface of the foot
Babinski reflex
Involuntary muscular contraction in response to a stimulus
Reflex
Brain images produced by the use of sound waves
Transcranial sonogram
Record of the radio graphic study of the brain
Encephalogram
X-ray of the brain’s blood vessels after a dye is injected
Cerebral angiogram
X-ray of the spinal cord after a contrast medium has been injected
Myelogram
Radio graphic imaging that produces cross-sectional images
Computerized (axial) tomography
(CT or CAT)
Type of nuclear image that reveals how tissues and organs are functioning. It can also detect diseases and abnormal metabolic activity.
Positron emission tomography brain scan
(PET)
Brain image produced by the use of radioactive isotopes
Single-photon emission computed tomography brain scan
(SPECT)
Recording of electrical and movement patterns during sleep
Polysomnography (PSG)
Timing of the conductivity of an electrical shock administered to peripheral nerves
Nerve conduction velocity
Record of the electrical impulses of the brain
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
In Spina bifida cyst is, protrusion of the spinal meninges above the surface of the skin
Meningocele
Pain in the head
Cephalgia
Incision into the thalamus
Thalamotomy
Abnormal growth of neuroglia in the brain or spinal column
Gliomatosis
Softening of the spinal cord
Myelomalacia
Relating to the face and the cranium
Craniofacial
Inflammation of a nerve
Neuritis
Inflammation of the ventricles of the brain
Ventriculitis
Having the shape of a ganglion
Gangliform
Inflammation of the cerebellum
Cerebellitis
Surgical severing of the vagus nerve
Vagotomy
Inflammation of the brain
Encephalitis
Part of the autonomic nervous system that operates when the body is in a normal state
Parasympathetic nervous system
Part of the autonomic nervous system that operates when the body is under stress
Sympathetic nervous system
Part of the peripheral nervous system that carries impulses from the central nervous system to glands, smooth muscles, and veinous membranes
Autonomic nervous system
Part of the peripheral nervous system that received and processes sensory input from various parts of the body
Somatic nervous system
Any of 31 pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the spinal cord and the torso and extremities
Spinal nerves
Any of 12 pairs of nerves that carry impulses to and from the brain
Cranial nerves
Area between the pia matter and the bones of the spinal cord
Epidural space
Innermost layer of meninges
Pia matter
Area between the dura matter and the pia matter across which the arachnoid runs
Subdural space
Middle layer of meninges
Arachnoid
Outermost layer of the meninges
Dura matter
3 layers of membranes that cover and protect the brain and the spinal cord
Meninges
- Either of 2 chambers of the heart
- Cavity in the brain for cerebrospinal fluid
Ventricles
4 parts of the diencephalon; serve as sensory relay stations
Ventral thalamus
Epithalamus
Hypothalamus (also a gland that releases hormones to regulate pituitary hormones)
Thalamus
1 of 4 structures of the brain; it is the deep portion of the brain and contains the thalamus
Diencephalon
Bridge of nerve fibers that connect the two hemispheres of the cerebrum
Corpus callosum
Controls memory, equilibrium, emotion, and hearing
Temporal lobe
Controls and interprets the senses and taste
Parietal lobe
Controls voluntary motor movements, emotional expression, and moral behavior
Frontal lobe
Large masses of grey matter within the cerebrum
Basal ganglia
Outer portion of the cerebrum
Cerebral cortex
1 of 4 main divisions of the brain; division involved with emotions, memory, conscious thought, moral behavior, sensory interpretation, and certain bodily movement.
Cerebrum
1 of 4 major divisions of the brain; division that coordinates musculoskeletal movement
Cerebellum
Part of the brain stem that regulates heart and lung functions, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing
Medulla oblongata
Part of the brainstem that controls certain respiratory functions
Pons
Part of the brainstem involved with visual reflexes
Midbrain
Tissue or organ that receives nerve impulses; part of a target cell with properties compatible with a particular substance
Receptor
Hormone produced in response to stress
Norepinephrine
Chemical that stimulates cells
Acetylcholine
Bundles of neurons that bear electrical messages to the organs and muscles of the body
Nerve
Carry and process sensory information
Interneurons
Carry information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system
Afferent neurons
Convey information to the muscle and glands from the central nervous system
Efferent neurons
Various substances located in tiny sacs areas the end of the axon
Neurotransmitters
Space over which the nerve impulses jump from one neuron to another
Synapse
Groups of fibers at the end of an axon that passes the impulse leaving the neuron to the neuron
Terminal end fibers
Fatty tissue that covers axons
Myelin sheath
Part of a nerve cell that conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body
Axon
Thin branching extension of a nerve cell that conducts nerve impulses toward the cell body
Dendrites
Basic element of the nervous system
Nerve cell / neuron
