Ch 7 - Learning Flashcards
Decay
When memories fade away over time.
Interference
Memories get in the way of each other.
Retroactive interference
Learning something new inhibits old knowledge.
Proactive interference
Previously learned knowledge interferes with learning something new.
Short-term memory span (or Miller’s Magic Number)
7, +-2 - universal limit of short term memory
Chunking
organizing items into meaningful groups.
Rehearsal
Repeating information over and over again. This keeps the information “alive” as long as we keep repeating, but is ultimately uneffective for long term retrieval.
Maintenance rehearsal
repeating stimuli as is, without changing or applying meaning to it. Memories are lost very quickly.
Elaborative rehearsal
We elaborate on stimuli, applying meaning. This takes more mental effort and will likely stick better in our memories.
Levels of processing
The more deeply we process information, the better we remember it. Shallow connections less, deep and meaningful connections more.
Long-term memory
enduring store of information
Three memory model
Sensory memory -> Short term memory -> Long term memory
Long-term memory span
Huge. No one knows for sure.
Permastore
Information that stays even after degradation of most of the information.
Three ways short-term and long term memories differ
Spans - 7 +-2 vs huge.
Endurance - 20 seconds vs years, decades or even permanently.
Mistakes - acoustic or shallow (poodle vs noodle), vs semantic or meaning (poodle vs terrier).
Primacy effect
Tendency to remember items early in a list
Recency effect
Tendency to remember items toward the end of the list
Von Restorff Effect
Tendency to remember stiumuli that are distinctive or that stick out from other stimuli
Semantic memory
Knowledge about facts about the world.
Episodic memory
Recollection of events in our lives.
Explicit memory
The process of recalling information intentionally (semantic or episodic memory)
Implicit memory
The process of recalling information we don’t remember deliberately (procedural, priming)
Procedural memory
Memory for motor skills and habits (ride a bike, typing, or open a pop can)
Priming
Identify stimulus more easily or quickly if we’ve encountered similar before. (duck vs rabbit image)
Two types of Explicit Memory
Semantic, Episodic
Four types of Implicit Memory
Priming, Habituation, Procedural, Conditioning
Three processes of memory
encoding, storage, retrieval
Encoding
Process of getting information into our memory
Next-in-line effect
So focussed on what you were going to say that you weren’t paying attention to the person in front of you and can’t remember what they said
mnemonic
learning aid that enhances recall, often a phrase that uses the same letters as something that needs to be remembered “every good boy deserves fudge - EGBDF musical notes” or Roy G Biv for the rainbow
Pegword method
Type of mnemonic that uses rhyming.
Which type of memory has been demonstrated in 32 week fetuses?
Habituation
How best to remember all the letters in CARBEDDOGCATEATPIE?
Chunking
Mnemonics will be most helpful as encoding devices if we…
…practice them on a regular basis
