Ch 11 - Emotion and Motivation Flashcards
Emblem
Nonverbal gesture that is a symbol or signs (thumbs up
7 primary emotions, according to discrete theory
Fear, anger, disgust, surprise, happiness sadness, contempt. (maybe pride)
Primary emotions
Core emotions recognized across all cultures.
Secondary emotions
Complex variations that are a mix of the primary emotions
Nonverbal leakage
an unconscious spillover of emotions into nonverbal behaviour.
Illustrators
Gestures that highlight or accentuate apoint in speech.
Manipulators
Gestures in which one body part strokes, presses, bites or otherwise touches another body part (chewing nails when nervous)
Proxemics
The study of personal space
Elliott lost much of his emotion…
after brain surgery to remove a tumour in his frontal lobe
Emotion and reason are…
not opposites, but rather emotions are the servants of reason, giving us a basis for rational decisions.
Emotion
motivated state marked by physiological arousal, expressive behaviour, and mental experience.
Discrete emotions theory
Humans only experience a small number of distinct emotions, even if they can be combined for more complex variations.
Which part of the brain is plays a key role in thinking?
cortex
Which part of the brain plays a key role in emotion?
Limbic system
Which comes first, emotion or thought?
Discrete theory says emotion, cognitive theory says thought.
Shadenfeude
Glee felt when witnessing the misfortune of others, especially those we dislike or find arrogant.
Display rules
societal guidelines for how and when to express emotions.
Fear is associated with which part of the brain?
Amygdala
Disgust is associated with which part of the brain?
Insula
Anger is associated with which part of the brain?
Frontal cortex behind the eyes
Duchenne smile vs Pan Am smile
Pan Am is a forced smile, exposed by lack of movement in the eyes, though the mouth still turns upward.
Cognitive theories of emotion
States that emotions are products of thinking, rather than the other way around.
Which theory suggests there are separate distinct emotions?
Discrete Theory
James-Lange Theory
Emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli. (We interpret that we are afraid after our physiological changes of elevated heartrate, expression on our face and running away, not before)
Somatic Marker Theory
We unconsciously and instantaneously use our gut reactions like heart rate and sweating to gauge how we should act.
What are somatic markers?
Instant physiological reactions such as heart racing or sweating in reaction to stimuli.
Cannon-Bard Theory
Emotion-provoking event leads simultaneously to both an emotion and bodily reactions.
Why does the Cannon-Bard theory disagree with James-Lange theory?
Because many bodily reactions take too long to occur for them to be able to trigger the emotional reactions that happen almost instantaneously.
Two factor theory
1) Undifferentiated state of arousal.
2) Seek to explain source of arousal, using emotion as the explanation of the arousal.
Who created the two factor theory?
Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer
What experiment gave evidence to the two-factory theory?
- Adrenaline increases emotion, regardless of whether that emotion is positive or negative.
- Roller coasters and scary bridges make people more attractive
Facial feedback hypothesis
You are likely to feel emotions that correspond to your facial expression. (smiling makes you feel happier)
What is an alternate explanation for the facial feedback hypothesis?
Classical conditioning, where we associate smiling with being happy, therefore we become happier when we smile, even if it is forced.
3 types of questions used during a polygraph test
Relevant, irrelevant, control
Why include a control question during a polygraph test?
physiological responses to the control questions should provide a baseline for gauging deception.
Why does a polygraph test produce false positives?
It’s an arousal detector, which can easily confuse some other form of arousal with guilt.
Guilty knowledge test
Test concocted of multiple choice questions in which each question contains one choice containing an object at the crime scene. If the subject responds to items that only someone from the crime scene could have seen, it can be concluded that they must have been there at the time.
How does the Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT) get around the polygraph’s shortcomings?
relies on the premise that criminals harbour concealed knowledge about the crime that innocent people don’t.
What is one problem with the GKT?
In the real world, many criminals may legitimately forget details of the crime scene.
How could brain scans be misleading for detecting lies?
Thinking about lying may activate similar areas of the brain that lying itself does.
What is the real name of truth serum?
Barbiturates, or sodium pentothal
Can people lie while under the influence of truth serum?
Yes, it simply makes people more relaxed and in some cases create more falsehoods. Much like alcohol, inhibitions are lowered, that is all.
Integrity test
1) History of stealing
2) attitudes toward stealing
3) perception of others’ honesty
