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Human Physiology > Ch 7: Intro to the Endocrine Sytem > Flashcards

Ch 7: Intro to the Endocrine Sytem Flashcards

1
Q

Hormone

A

Chemical messenger released in response to a stimulus & secreted into the blood to be carried to its target cell

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2
Q

Major class of hormones

A
  1. Amines
  2. Peptides
  3. Steroids
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3
Q

Amines

A

Derivatives of tyrosine
- Thyroid hormones
- Catecholamines

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4
Q

Thyroid hormones

A
  • Triiodothyronine (T3)
  • Thyroxine [Tetraiodothyronine] (T4)
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5
Q

Catecholamines

A
  • Epi
  • NorEpi
  • Dopamine
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6
Q

Peptides

A

AA chains/small peptides
ex: insulin, glucagon

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7
Q

Steroids

A

Derivatives of cholesterol
- Adrenal hormones
- Gonadal hormones

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8
Q

Adrenal hormones

A
  • Mineralocorticoids
  • Glucocorticoids
    (corticoid steroids that come from adrenal cortex)
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9
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

Affect mineral metabolism
- Aldosterone

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10
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Affect glucose metabolism
- Cortisol

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11
Q

Gonadal hormones

A
  • Testosterone
  • Estradiol
  • Progesterone
    (testes/ovaries)
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12
Q

Cholesterol is what for our body?

A

Important and needed for our body

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13
Q

Steroids are lipids that need?

A

Smooth ER

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14
Q

Proteins are generally water what?

A

Water soluble

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15
Q

Medulla

A

Something inside something

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16
Q

Cortex

A

Outside layer of things

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17
Q

Minerals

A

Ions (Ca, K, etc.)

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18
Q

Hormonal transport: Peptide & Catecholamines

A

Water soluble
- transported easily in blood
- easily degraded by enzymes (short half-life)

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19
Q

Hormonal transport: Thyroid & Steroids

A

Lipid soluble
- small amnts free in plasma, mostly carried by transport proteins
- not readily degraded by enzymes (long half-life)

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20
Q

Hormonal action: Peptide & Catecholamines

A

Must act on extracellular receptor, activating a second messenger system

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21
Q

Hormonal action: Thyroid & Steroids

A
  • diffuse directly thru membrane
  • (usually) alters transcription of DNA
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22
Q

Control of Hormone Secretion

A
  1. Change in plasma ion concentration
  2. Change in plasma nutrient concentration
  3. Neural input
  4. (Neuro) Hormonal input
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23
Q

Change in plasma ion concentration example

A

Aldosterone secreted by adrenal cortex stimulates increased Na+ absoprtion

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24
Q

Change in plasma nutrient concentration example

A

Glucagon secreted by alpha-cells of Langerhans raises blood glucose

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25
Q

Neural input example

A

Neural input secretion from gland
Sympathetic stimulation on adrenal medulla initiates Epi release

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26
Q

(Neuro) Hormonal input example(s)

A

*(neuro) hormone stimulates the secretion of another hormone
ex: TSH controls secretion of T3 & T4
ex: CRH released from hypothalamus act on anterior pituitary gland to release ACTH

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27
Q

Tropic hormones

A

A hormone that stimulates the secretion of another hormone

28
Q

Tropic hormone example

A
  • Gonadotropic releasing hormone
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone
29
Q

Major Hypophysiotropic Hormones

A
  • Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone* (GnRH)
  • Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone* (TRH)
  • Corticotropin Releasing Hormone* (CRH)
  • Somatostatin (SS)
  • Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone* (GHRH)
  • Dopamine (DA)
30
Q

Dopamine (DA)

A

Prolactin-release Inhibiting Hormone (PIH)

31
Q

Major Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary

A
  • Follicle – stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
  • Thyroid Stimulating (TSH)
  • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
  • Growth Hormone (GH)
  • Prolactin
32
Q

Endocrine Disorders

A
  1. Hypersecretion
  2. Hyposecretion
  3. Hyporesponsivness
  4. Hyperresponsiveness
33
Q

Hypersecretion

A

Too much hormone secreted for the prevailing conditions
ex: Grave’s disease, Cushing’s syndrome
- primary hypersecretion
- secondary hypersecretion

34
Q

Primary hypersecretion

A

Secreting organ produces too much hormone (too much gland #3, downstream effect)

35
Q

Secondary hypersecretion

A

Tropic hormones are produced at too high level

36
Q

Hyposecretion

A

Too little hormone secreted for the prevailing conditions
ex: Hypothyroidism, Addison’s disease. Type I diabetes mellitus
- primary hyposecretion
- secondary hyposecretion

37
Q

Primary hyposecretion

A

Secreting organ fails
ex: Thyroid can’t secrete T3/T4

38
Q

Secondary hyposecretion

A

Tropic hormones are too low
ex: ???

39
Q

Hyperresponsiveness

A

Glands over respond to appropriate levels of hormone
- thyroid increases synthesis of epinephrine receptors

40
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

Adenohypophysis
- a true endocrine gland of epithelial origin
- closer to nose

41
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

Neurohypophysis
- an extension of the neural tissue
- closer to spinal
- an extension of the brain that secretes neurohormones made in the hypothalamus

42
Q

Adrenal and pituitary gland made up of?

A

Glandular (outside) and neural tissue (inside)

43
Q

Adrenal medulla releases

A

Catecholamines (Epi + NorEpi)

44
Q

Adrenal cortex releases

A

Glucocorticoids, testosterone, and aldosterone

45
Q

Adrenal gland

A
  • sits on top of kidney
  • unique structure
46
Q

Calcium regulation

A

*high outside cell, low inside cell
1. Low plasma of Ca2+
2. Parathyroid gland
3. Parathyroid hormone
4. Into blood and targets bone and kidney
5. Increase bone resorption, kidney resorption, and production of calcitriol indirectly leads to increased intestinal absorption of Ca2+
6. Negative feedback loop if successful
- parathyroid hormone will degrade naturally by it’s half life

47
Q

Infundibulum

A

The stalk that connects the pituitary gland & hypothalamus (brain)
- axon potentials (neural hormones) leave hypothalamus thru infundibulum into posterior pituitary

48
Q

Posterior pituitary pathway

A
  1. Neurohormone is made and packaged in cell body of neuron
  2. Vesicles are transported down the cell
  3. Vesicles containing neurohormone are stored in posterior pituitary
  4. Neurohormones are released into blood
49
Q

The Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System consists of

A
  • Neurons
  • Portal vessels
  • Endocrine cells
  • Pituitary gland
  • Hypothalamus
  • 2 Capillary beds (unique!!!!!)
50
Q

Vasopressin

A

Constricts blood vessel…increases blood pressure
- ADH (anti-diarrhetic)
- affects kidney tubules

51
Q

Oxytocin

A
  • Not well understood in males, but involved in feelings (love)
  • In women, affects mammary gland and smooth muscle of uterus wall
    — causes line of uterus to become inflamed to get ready for implantation & causes breast to increase lipids it stores (enlargement) triggering milk glands to constrict & release milk when a baby sucks on the nipple
52
Q

Anti-diarrhetic

A

decreases urination…build up of water in body

53
Q

The Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System

A
  1. Cell bodies of secretory neurons in hypothalamus synthesize ADH or oxytocin
  2. These hormones move down axons of the secretory neurons & accumulate in axon endings
  3. Action potentials trigger the release of these hormones, which enter blood capillaries in the posterior lobe of the pituitary
  4. Small blood vessels deliver the hormones to the general circulation
54
Q

Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus trigger release of?

A

ADH (vasopressin)
- Pituitary gland releases ADH and increases permeability

55
Q

Oxytocin pathway

A
  1. Suckling stimulates nerve endings in nipple and areola of breasts
  2. Neural pathways carry stimuli to hypothalamus
  3. Hypothalamus produces oxytocin that is released by posterior pituitary
  4. Oxytocin causes mammary lobules to contract
  5. Milk letdown occurs (after birth)
56
Q

Tropic Hormone Pathway

A
  1. Stimulus
  2. Hypothalamus (aways will be gland #1)
  3. Tropic hormone #1
  4. Anterior pituitary gland (always will be gland #2)
  5. Tropic hormone #2 (SHORT-LOOP NEG FEEDBACK)
  6. Endocrine gland (can vary: gonads, thyroid, adrenal cortex)
  7. Hormone #3 (LONG-LOOP NEG FEEDBACK)
  8. Target tissue
  9. Response (another NEG FEEDBACK)
    *3 Neg feedbacks in total
57
Q

Neurons

A

Synthesizing tropic hormones release them into capillaries of the portal system

58
Q

Endocrine cells

A

Release their hormones into the second set of capillaries for distribution to the rest of the body

59
Q

Portal vessels

A

Carry the tropic hormones directly to the anterior pituitary

60
Q

Portal System

A
  1. Neurons synthesizing tropic neurohormones release them into capillaries of the portal system
  2. Portal veins carry the tropic neurohormones directly to the anterior pituitary, where they act on the endocrine cells
  3. Endocrine cells release their peptide hormones into the second set of capillaries for distribution to the rest of the body
    *Neurohormones from the hypothalamus control release oof the anterior pituitary hormones
61
Q

Control of Testicular Function: Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Pathway (GnRH)

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. GnRH
  3. Anterior pituitary (FHS & LH secreting cells)
  4. FSH & LH
  5. Ovaries/testes (spermatogenesis/oogenesis)
  6. Testosterone/estrogen
    *initial stimulus
62
Q

Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Secretion: Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)

A
  1. Initial stimulus (Stress, cold in infants)
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. TRH
  4. Anterior pituitary
  5. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  6. Thyroid gland
  7. Thyroid hormone (T3 & T4)
    *Increase in metabolic rate and heat production, enhancement of growth and CNS development, enhancement of sympathetic activity
63
Q

If one takes steroids at high amounts…

A

Reduced fertility and sperm motility
ex: androgen is an “umbrella” of testosterone

64
Q

Follicle

A

In ovaries, an egg that protrudes out of ovaries w/ granulosa cells

65
Q

Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)

A
  1. Stimulus (blood level of glucose falls too low, body is stressed
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. CRH
  4. Anterior pituitary
  5. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  6. Adrenal cortex
  7. Cortisol
    *Cortisol is a glucocorticoid steroid
    *Glucose, AAs, fatty acids available to help resist stress…blood glucose level rises; absence of stimulus leads to inhibition of cortisol secretion

Human Physiology (8 decks)

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