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Bio Ch 5-8 Test > Ch. 7 Exam > Flashcards

Ch. 7 Exam Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the smallest unit of life? List and explain the four aspects they all share.

A
  • Cell
    1. Nucleic acids: store and transmit information (DNA packaged as chromosomes or a nucleotide)
    2. Proteins: perform most of the cell’s functions (storage, transport, contraction, catalysts, signaling)
    3. Carbohydrates: chemical energy, carbon, support, identity, structure
    4. Plasma membrane: selectively permeable membrane barrier (transport)
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2
Q

What are the three domains? Explain each.

A
  • Bacteria: unicellular organisms, found throughout the entire biosphere
  • Archaea: unicellular organisms which live in extreme environments
    • Bacteria and Archaea consist of very different types of prokaryotic organisms
  • Eukarya
    • All eukaryotic organisms belong to Eukarya
    • Includes, Fungi, Plants, Animals, & Protists
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3
Q

A bacteria’s cell structure includes nine different structures depicted in the notes. Explain each. (Hint: The first one is “Bacteria Structure” and the last one is “Fimbriae!”)

A
  • Bacteria Structure: No nucleus, DNA is one supercooled circular chromosome referred to as a nucleoid
  • Plasmids: Small, supercooled, circular DNA molecules
    • Contain genes that help the cell adapt to stressful environmental conditions
    • Independent of the cellular chromosome
  • Plasma membrane
  • Cytoplasm: fluid outside nuclear area, location of organelles, enzymes, molecules and ribosomes
  • Ribosomes (70S): rRNA molecules and polypeptides, used to make proteins
  • Cell wall: outside of plasma membrane, made of peptidoglycan
  • Cytoskeleton: the inside of the cell is supported by a network of long, thin protein filaments
  • Flagella: long helical filament made of flagellum. Rotates to propel bacteria
  • Fimbriae (singular:fimbria): projections which extend from the plasma membrane of some bacteria
    • Enable attachment to other cells or surfaces
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4
Q

What are the examples of unicellular eukaryotic organisms?

A

Protozoans, Algae, Yeast

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5
Q

List the four differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. (Hint: You can use table 7.1for help!)

A
  1. Eukaryotic cells possess a membrane bound nucleus which contains packaged chromosomes
  2. Eukaryotic cells are often much larger
  3. Eukaryotic cells contain extensive amounts of internal membrane
  4. Eukaryotic cells feature a diverse and dynamic cytoskeleton
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6
Q

List the organelles found in animal cells but not plant cells.

A

Centrioles, lysosomes, flagella, and cilia

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7
Q

List the organelles found in plant cells but not animal cells.

A

Central vacuole, chloroplasts, cell wall with plasmodesmata

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8
Q

Define nucleus. Describe the three structures found in the nucleus.

A
  • eukaryotic cell’s “control center”
    • Nuclear envelope: A double membrane surrounding the nucleus, lined with pores
    • Chromatin: diffuse DNA wrapped around protein
    • Nucleolus: The center of the nucleus, where rRNA is produced to be used in ribosome assembly
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9
Q

(Not a question, just information!) In eukaryotes, DNA is a template for RNA, and this is transcription. RNA has to exit the nucleus before it serves as a template for proteins, this is translation. Translation is done with the help of ribosomes.

A

(Not a question, just information!) The cytoplasm is where the organelles of a cell are located, and these organelles are suspended in cell fluid called cytosol.

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10
Q

Describe a ribosome’s function, and composition. (Hint: What are ribosomes made of?)

A
  • Protein synthesis
  • Ribosomes exist as two subunits, made of rRNA and protein (non membranous organelles) (80S)
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11
Q

Where in the cell are ribosomes manufactured? Where in the cell do they function?

A
  • Ribosomes are manufactured in the nucleolus
  • They function outside the nucleus free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
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12
Q

List the five organelles found in the endomembrane system.

A
  • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Vacuoles
  • Lysosomes
  • Perioxisomes
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13
Q

Describe the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).

A
  • A manufacturing organelle within the cell
  • ER is a highly folded membranous organelle physically connected to the nuclear envelope
  • The ER’s interior is called the lumen
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14
Q

Compare the roles of rough ER and smooth ER.

A
  • Rough ER: contains attached ribosomes, important in the manufacture of proteins
    • Proteins are packaged within the lumen and exported by way of membranous vesicles that bud off of the ER
  • Smooth ER: no attached ribosomes, important in the manufacture of lipids (Ex: steroids or hormones)
    • Smooth ER also detoxifies drugs and alcohol
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15
Q

Describe the structure of the golgi apparatus.

A
  • A processing organelle within the cell
  • The Golgi consists of a series of starches, flat membranous sacs called cisternae. It is physically separate from the ER but connected to it by way of vesicles.
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16
Q

The cis and trans surfaces of the golgi differ slightly. Compare the two surfaces.

A
  • The cis (closest to the nucleus) surface receives vesicles sent from the ER
  • Vesicle contents are sorted, modified, and refined within the Golgi
  • The trans (closest to plasma membrane) surface packages the modified contents into new vesicles that bud off the Golgi
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17
Q

Describe lysosomes and their function.

A
  • Breakdown organelles within the cell
    • Small membranous organelles containing digestive enzymes and acids
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18
Q

What do lysosomes fuse with? (Hint: There are three answers!)

A
  • Food vacuoles: Digestion
  • Bacteria or other pathogens: Destruction
  • Damaged organelles: Recycling
19
Q

There are three types of vacuoles. Define each by stating what organisms they are found in, and their functions.

A
  • Central vacuole: Found in plants
    • A large, membrane-bound organelle that stores nutrients, wastes, pigments, toxins, etc.
  • Contractile vacuoles: Found in unicellular freshwater protists
    • Small membranous organelles that store and expel excess water
  • Food vacuoles: Small membranous organelles that store food items the cell has ingested
20
Q

Explain how peroxisomes break down hydrogen peroxide. Why does it need to break down hydrogen peroxide? Write the chemical formula for this breaking down of hydrogen
peroxide.

A
  • Peroxisomes are small membranous organelles tat contain the enzyme catalase
    • Catalase converts hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, a toxic waste product of many cells’ activities) to water and oxygen (H2) and O2)
  • 2H2O2 —> 2H2O + O2
21
Q

What are the two organelles that are responsible for converting energy from one form to another within the cell?

A
  • Chloroplasts
  • Mitochondria
22
Q

Define mitochondria. Does it undergo photosynthesis or cellular respiration to create energy?

A
  • semi-autonomous organelles which convert the chemical energy of food (glucose) into the chemical energy of ATP, which powers all of the cell’s activities
  • Cellular respiration
23
Q

Describe the structures of mitochondria, and their functions.

A
  • Double membrane with cristales, matrix, circular DNA
    • Cristae: folds of inner membrane, increase surface area
    • Mitochondrial matrix: solution inside the inner membrane
24
Q

Define chloroplast. Does it undergo photosynthesis or cellular respiration to create energy?

A
  • Organelles that convert solar energy (light) Into the chemical energy of food (glucose)
  • Photosynthesis
25
Q

Describe the structures of chloroplasts, and their functions.

A
  • Structure: double membrane
    • Filled with fluid called stroma
    • Membranous disks called thylakoids stack together to form grana
    • Circular DNA
26
Q

What is the internal framework of proteins that provides shape, structure, and an anchor within a cell?

A

Cytoskeleton

27
Q

Explain microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments including: what they are made of, where they are found, and their functions.

A
  • Microfilaments: Made of the globular protein actin
    • Found just beneath the plasma membrane, supporting cell shape
  • Microtubules: Made of the globular protein tubular
    • Run throughout the cytoplasm, serving as “tracks” on which organelles are able to move
    • Used to make cilia, flagella, and during cell division
  • Intermediate filaments: Made of several possible fibrous proteins
    • Form a “cage” that holds the nucleus in place
28
Q

(Not a question, just information!) The cytoskeleton is dynamic! That means that all those filaments spoken about above can be readily disassembled and reassembled to change cell shape and assist cell movement, keeping the cell up to date with its surroundings.

A
29
Q

Describe flagella and cilia’s structures, as well as their type of movement.

A
  • Flagella: Long, usually occur singly, made of microtubules that undulate (slide past each other)
  • Cilia: Short, usually occur in large numbers
    • A beat-like motion moves the cell or move substances past the cell
30
Q

Which structure is used for attachment?

A

Fimbriae

31
Q
  • Membrane: Double (“envelope”); openings called nuclear pores
  • Components: Chromosomes, Nucleolus, Nuclear lamina
  • Function: Information storage and transmission
    • Ribosome subunit assembly
    • Structural support
A

Nucleus

32
Q
  • Membrane: None
  • Components: Complex of RNA and proteins
  • Function: Protein synthesis
A

Ribosomes

33
Q
  • Membrane: Single; contains receptors for entry of selected proteins
  • Components: Network of branching sacs
    • Enzymes for synthesizing or breaking down lipids
      -Function: Protein synthesis and processing
A

Endoplasmic reticulum: rough

34
Q
  • Membrane: Single; contains enzymes for synthesizing phospholipids
  • Components: Network of branching sacs
    • Enzymes for synthesizing or breaking down lipids
  • Function: Lipid synthesis and processing
A

Endoplasmic reticulum: smooth

35
Q
  • Membrane: Single; contains receptions for products of rough ER
  • Components: Stack of flattened, distinct cisternae
  • Function: Protein, lipid, and carbohydrate processing
A

Golgi apparatus

36
Q
  • Membrane: Single; contains proton pumps
  • Components: Acid hydroplanes (catalyze hydrolysis reactions)
  • Function: Digestion and recycling
A

Lysosomes

37
Q
  • Membrane: Single; contains transporters for selected molecules
  • Components: Varies—carbohydrates, water, pigments, oils, toxins, or hydro lasers
  • Function: Storage, digestion, and recycling
A

Vacuoles

38
Q
  • Membrane: Single; contains transporters for selected macromolecules
  • Components: Enzymes that catalyze oxidation reactions
    • Catalase (processes peroxide)
  • Function: Oxidation of fatty acids, ethanol, or other compounds
A

Peroxisomes

39
Q
  • Membrane: Double; inner contains enzymes for ATP production
  • Components: Enzymes that harvest energy from molecules to make ATP
  • Function: ATP production
A

Mitochondria

40
Q
  • Membrane: Double; plus membrane-bound sacs in interior
  • Components: Pigments
    • Enzymes that use light energy to make sugars
  • Function: Production of sugars via photosynthesis
A

Chloroplasts

41
Q
  • Membrane: None
  • Components: Actin filaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
  • Function: Structural support; movement of materials; in some species, movement of whole cell
A

Cytoskeleton

42
Q
  • Membrane: Single; contains transport and receptor proteins
  • Components: Phospholipid bilateral with transport and receptor proteins
  • Function: Selective permeability—maintains intracellular environment
A

Plasma membrane

43
Q
  • Membrane: None
  • Components: Carbohydrate fibers running through carbohydrate or protein matrix
  • Function: Protection, structural support
A

Cell Wall

Bio Ch 5-8 Test (4 decks)

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