ch. 7 | cellular respiration Flashcards
from 7.2
what happens during the energy-investment steps of glyolysis?
- 2 ATP used to activate glucose
- glucose splits into 2 G3P molecules
from 7.2
what happens during the energy-harvesting stage of glycolysis?
- ATP activates glucose & produces 2 G3P molecules
- G3P is oxidized (removes hydrogen atoms)
- hydrogen atoms picked up by NAD+ –> NADH
- substrates from oxidation synthesize 4 ATP**
**definiion in its own card
from 7.2
how many ATP, NADH, and pyruvates are produced after glycolysis?
why are there not more ATP produced?
(net) 2 ATP
2 ADP
2 NADH
2 pyruvate
there are 4 ATP produced, but 2 are used in glycolysis
from 7.2
when oxygen is available _____ enters the mitochondria to be _________
pyruvate; broken down
from 7.2
what happens if oxygen isn’t available for cellular respiration?
fermentation
from 7.2
ATP and NADH+ activate which stage of cellular respiration?
glycolysis
from 7.3
what does a lack of oxygen mean for NAD+ & FAD?
they cannot be recycled
from 7.3
during fermentation, pyruvate is reduced to form ______
lactate
from 7.3
_______ is regenerated when pyruvate is reduced to lactic acid
NAD+
from 7.3
in what types of cells is fermentation commonly used as a pathway?
muscle cells
from 7.3
lactate is transported to the liver and reconverted to
what happens to this substance after?
pyruvate
some reenters cellular respiration pathways & the rest –> glucose
from 7.3
alcohol fermentation releases small amounts of ____________________
carbon dioxide
when yeasts are in an anaerobic environment, they ferment and produce small amounts of ____________
ATP
from 7.3
ATP produced during fermentation are a result of _______________ because fermentation comes after it
glycolysis
from 7.3
substrate-elevel synthesis produces how many ATP by the anaerobic pathways in fermentation?
what do these represent?
2
a small fraction of the potential energy stored in a glucose molecule
from 7.4
where do the remaining reactions of cellular respiration (preparatory, citric acid, & electron transport chain) occur?
the mitochondria
from 7.4
where do the prepraratry reaction & citric acid cycle occur in the mitochondria?
matrix
from 7.4
which phase of cellular respiration occurs in the cristae?
the electron transport chain
from 7.4
what are the outputs of the citric acid cycle?
- oxidation of acetyle to 2 CO2
- transfer of electrons to NAD+ & FAD
- 1 ATP gained
from 7.4
the removal of hydrogen atoms (H+ + e-) is called _______________
oxidation
from 7.4
in ___________ an enzyme passes a high-energy phosphate to ADP, creating ATP
substrate-level ATP synthesis
from 7.4
what are the outputs of the prepatory steps?
- acetyl CoA
- 2 molecules of CO2
from 7.3
in alcohol fermentation, NAD+ molecules are regenerated for use in ______________
glycolysis
from 7.4
cytochrome molecules function in the and are a class of proteins that contain ________.
electron transport chain; iron
