ch. 7 | cellular respiration

Question 1

from 7.2

what happens during the energy-investment steps of glyolysis?

Answer 1

• 2 ATP used to activate glucose
• glucose splits into 2 G3P molecules

Question 2

from 7.2

what happens during the energy-harvesting stage of glycolysis?

Answer 2

• ATP activates glucose & produces 2 G3P molecules
• G3P is oxidized (removes hydrogen atoms)
• hydrogen atoms picked up by NAD+ –> NADH
• substrates from oxidation synthesize 4 ATP**

**definiion in its own card

Question 3

from 7.2

how many ATP, NADH, and pyruvates are produced after glycolysis?

why are there not more ATP produced?

Answer 3

(net) 2 ATP
2 ADP
2 NADH
2 pyruvate

there are 4 ATP produced, but 2 are used in glycolysis

Question 4

from 7.2

when oxygen is available _____ enters the mitochondria to be _________

Answer 4

pyruvate; broken down

Question 5

from 7.2

what happens if oxygen isn’t available for cellular respiration?

Answer 5

fermentation

Question 6

from 7.2

ATP and NADH+ activate which stage of cellular respiration?

Answer 6

glycolysis

Question 7

from 7.3

what does a lack of oxygen mean for NAD+ & FAD?

Answer 7

they cannot be recycled

Question 8

from 7.3

during fermentation, pyruvate is reduced to form ______

Answer 8

lactate

Question 9

from 7.3

_______ is regenerated when pyruvate is reduced to lactic acid

Answer 9

NAD+

Question 10

from 7.3

in what types of cells is fermentation commonly used as a pathway?

Answer 10

muscle cells

Question 11

from 7.3

lactate is transported to the liver and reconverted to

what happens to this substance after?

Answer 11

pyruvate

some reenters cellular respiration pathways & the rest –> glucose

Question 12

from 7.3

alcohol fermentation releases small amounts of ____________________

Answer 12

carbon dioxide

Question 13

when yeasts are in an anaerobic environment, they ferment and produce small amounts of ____________

Answer 13

ATP

Question 14

from 7.3

ATP produced during fermentation are a result of _______________ because fermentation comes after it

Answer 14

glycolysis

Question 15

from 7.3

substrate-elevel synthesis produces how many ATP by the anaerobic pathways in fermentation?

what do these represent?

Answer 15

2

a small fraction of the potential energy stored in a glucose molecule

Question 16

from 7.4

where do the remaining reactions of cellular respiration (preparatory, citric acid, & electron transport chain) occur?

Answer 16

the mitochondria

Question 17

from 7.4

where do the prepraratry reaction & citric acid cycle occur in the mitochondria?

Answer 17

matrix

Question 18

from 7.4

which phase of cellular respiration occurs in the cristae?

Answer 18

the electron transport chain

Question 19

from 7.4

what are the outputs of the citric acid cycle?

Answer 19

• oxidation of acetyle to 2 CO2
• transfer of electrons to NAD+ & FAD
• 1 ATP gained

Question 20

from 7.4

the removal of hydrogen atoms (H+ + e-) is called _______________

Answer 20

oxidation

Question 21

from 7.4

in ___________ an enzyme passes a high-energy phosphate to ADP, creating ATP

Answer 21

substrate-level ATP synthesis

Question 22

from 7.4

what are the outputs of the prepatory steps?

Answer 22

• acetyl CoA
• 2 molecules of CO2

Question 23

from 7.3

in alcohol fermentation, NAD+ molecules are regenerated for use in ______________

Answer 23

glycolysis

Question 24

from 7.4

cytochrome molecules function in the and are a class of proteins that contain ________.

Answer 24

electron transport chain; iron

Question 25

from 7.4

what are the molecules recycled during cellular respiration?

Answer 25

• CoA
• FAD
• NAD+

Question 26

from 7.4

proteins containing iron that form parts of the electron transport chain are called _______________ molecules

Answer 26

cytochrome

Question 27

from 7.4

the cristae contain what complex? what does the flow of H+ ions though this complex do?

Answer 27

• ATP synthase
• changes the shape & causes ATP synthase to synth ATP from ADP + P

Question 28

from 7.4

what creates an H+ gradient down the electron transport chain?

Answer 28

energy released from the electrons passed down the chain

Question 29

ftom 7.4

Atp prod’d by chemiosmosis most directly uses the energy of __________ to drive the process

Answer 29

an H+ gradient

Question 30

how many ATP are formed for each NADH & how many are formed for each FADH2

Answer 30

• 3 ATP for each NADH
• 2 ATP for each FADH2