ch. 3 | cell structure & function

Question 1

what are some differences btwn the nuclei of prokaryotes & eukaryotes?

Answer 1

prokaryotes = small nuclei w/ few organelles
eukaryotes = large nuclei w/ many organelles

Question 2

what are the membranes of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells made of? what is it called?

Answer 2

made of phosopholipids & called phospholipid bilayer/palsmalemma

Question 3

what is a nucleoid region and in which type of cell is it found?

Answer 3

a single, coild loop of DNA w/ genes for instructions
found in prokaryotic cells

Question 4

ribosomes are ________ organelles made of which nucleic acid? what are their functions?

Answer 4

small; made of RNA. they process proteins.

Question 5

which organelles are structurally different in eukaryotic cells than they are in prokaryotic cells?

Answer 5

ribosomes

Question 6

the pouch-like area of a cell is called a(n) _________. what is its purpose?

Answer 6

cell inclusion; holds built up food, waste, & other materials of a cell.

note: reserve fuel for cells when lacking in materials

Question 7

which organelle in bacteria moves it?

hint: also helps w/ the sensory of the cell

Answer 7

flagellum

Question 8

what are the parts of the endomembrane system?

Answer 8

• endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
• nuclear envelope
• golgi bodies
• vesicles
• lysosomes
• vacuoles

Question 9

what is the difference between a vacuole and a vesicle?

Answer 9

vacuoles = slightly larger + mainly store substances (including proteins)
vesicles = smaller + mainly transport and secrete proteins

Question 10

what special functions differentiate lysosomes from transport vesicles and vacuoles?

Answer 10

lysosomes digest & break down materials; transport vesicles carry and secrete materials and vacuoles store materials for later use

Question 11

which structure in the cell is known for its 2 membranes–one inner, and one outer?

hint: functions as its own energy unit within the cell

Answer 11

the mitochondria

Question 12

what is the layer of polysaccharides outside of a cell wall called?

Answer 12

glycocalyx

Question 13

what is a capsule?

Answer 13

a glycocalyx that is organized and not easily washed off; gel-like coating outside the cell wall

Question 14

what is peptidoglycan?

Answer 14

the substance that makes up the cell walls in bacteria

Question 15

rod-shaped bacterium is a

Answer 15

bacillus

Question 16

a coccus is a

Answer 16

spherical-shaped bacterium

Question 17

what similarity is in the structures bacilli and cocci?

Answer 17

both can occur as pairs or chains

Question 18

long, spiral, but rigid rods of bacteria are called

Answer 18

spirilla

Question 19

what are spirochetes?

Answer 19

flexible rods of bacteria

Question 20

what makes up cell walls?

Answer 20

cellulose

Question 21

what is the interconnected system of membranous channels and sacs (flattened vesicles) in the cytoplasm called?

Answer 21

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Question 22

what is the system of tubules, vesicles & sacs in cells w/ attached ribosomes?

Answer 22

rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

Question 23

what happens to proteins in the rough ER, and lipids in the smooth ER?

Answer 23

rough ER synthesizes proteins
smooth ER synthesizes lipids (among other things)

Question 24

what occurs during exocytosis?

Answer 24

secretory vesicles enter the plasma membrane where they discharge proteins and lipids from the cell

also called secretion

Question 25

________ are formed in the golgi apparatus

Answer 25

lysosomes

Question 26

what is the process of cell parts being digested by its own lysosomes?

Answer 26

autophagy

Question 27

________ are membrane-bound vesicles that enclose enzymes

Answer 27

peroxisomes

Question 28

the cytoskeleton is present in which type of cell?

Answer 28

eukaryotic

Question 29

list te parts of the cytoskeleton and their function

Answer 29

- actin filaments - intermediate filaments - microtubues mintain cell shape + allow cell & organelles to move

Question 30

long, thin, flexible gibers occuring in bundles or meshlike networks are called

Answer 30

actin filaments

Question 31

intermediate filaments perfom which type of role in the cell? where are two places in the cell that they are found?

Answer 31

1. supporting the nucleus 2. supprting the plasma membrane & helping cells form junctions

Question 32

these structures are made of tubulin, an amio acid which comes in two forms: ________ and ______ tubulin

Answer 32

microtubules

Question 33

what do centrisomes do in eukaryotes?

Answer 33

acts as center for asssembling organizing microtubules

Question 34

short cylinders of microtubules surrounding a hollow center are called _______.

Answer 34

centrioles

Question 35

what differentiates intermediate filaments from actin filaments and microtbules?

Answer 35

intermediate filaments are strucutural in fuctio (provide support) while actin and filaments and microtubules play strucutral and movement roles

Question 36

centrioles are prominent in which prcess? how does this set them apart from cilia and flagella?

Answer 36

cell division; cilia and flagella help the cell move, not divide

Question 37

chitin is found in the cell walls of which eukaryote?

Answer 37

fungi

Question 38

this structure in a eukaryotic cell's nucleus consists of DNA and condesneses into chromosomes during cell division

Answer 38

chromatin

Question 39

the ____ is the center for rRNA production within the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell

Answer 39

nuceolus

Question 40

ribosomes are assembled in the ________ and make _____ ## Footnote hint: these structures are assembled in the nucleolus

Answer 40

nucleolus; proteins

Question 41

which enzyme degrades hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen gas?

Answer 41

catalase

Question 42

what is the function of amylase?

Answer 42

breaks down carbohydrates

Question 43

chloroplasts use solar energy to synthesize ____________. these are broken down by the ______________ to produce ATP.

Answer 43

carbohydrates; mitochondria

Question 44

where does cellular respiration occur in eukaryotes?

Answer 44

the mitochondria

Question 45

what are the vesicle that metabolize fatty acids and have enzymes to break down the hydrogen peroxide produced by said metabolism called? | hint: break down hydrogen PEROXIDE

Answer 45

peroxisomes