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bio 103 (fr. yr) > ch. 3 | cell structure & function > Flashcards

ch. 3 | cell structure & function Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are some differences btwn the nuclei of prokaryotes & eukaryotes?

A

prokaryotes = small nuclei w/ few organelles
eukaryotes = large nuclei w/ many organelles

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2
Q

what are the membranes of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells made of? what is it called?

A

made of phosopholipids & called phospholipid bilayer/palsmalemma

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3
Q

what is a nucleoid region and in which type of cell is it found?

A

a single, coild loop of DNA w/ genes for instructions
found in prokaryotic cells

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4
Q

ribosomes are ________ organelles made of which nucleic acid? what are their functions?

A

small; made of RNA. they process proteins.

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5
Q

which organelles are structurally different in eukaryotic cells than they are in prokaryotic cells?

A

ribosomes

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6
Q

the pouch-like area of a cell is called a(n) _________. what is its purpose?

A

cell inclusion; holds built up food, waste, & other materials of a cell.

note: reserve fuel for cells when lacking in materials

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7
Q

which organelle in bacteria moves it?

hint: also helps w/ the sensory of the cell

A

flagellum

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8
Q

what are the parts of the endomembrane system?

A
  • endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
  • nuclear envelope
  • golgi bodies
  • vesicles
  • lysosomes
  • vacuoles
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9
Q

what is the difference between a vacuole and a vesicle?

A

vacuoles = slightly larger + mainly store substances (including proteins)
vesicles = smaller + mainly transport and secrete proteins

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10
Q

what special functions differentiate lysosomes from transport vesicles and vacuoles?

A

lysosomes digest & break down materials; transport vesicles carry and secrete materials and vacuoles store materials for later use

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11
Q

which structure in the cell is known for its 2 membranes–one inner, and one outer?

hint: functions as its own energy unit within the cell

A

the mitochondria

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12
Q

what is the layer of polysaccharides outside of a cell wall called?

A

glycocalyx

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13
Q

what is a capsule?

A

a glycocalyx that is organized and not easily washed off; gel-like coating outside the cell wall

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14
Q

what is peptidoglycan?

A

the substance that makes up the cell walls in bacteria

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15
Q

rod-shaped bacterium is a

A

bacillus

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16
Q

a coccus is a

A

spherical-shaped bacterium

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17
Q

what similarity is in the structures bacilli and cocci?

A

both can occur as pairs or chains

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18
Q

long, spiral, but rigid rods of bacteria are called

A

spirilla

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19
Q

what are spirochetes?

A

flexible rods of bacteria

20
Q

what makes up cell walls?

A

cellulose

21
Q

what is the interconnected system of membranous channels and sacs (flattened vesicles) in the cytoplasm called?

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

22
Q

what is the system of tubules, vesicles & sacs in cells w/ attached ribosomes?

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

23
Q

what happens to proteins in the rough ER, and lipids in the smooth ER?

A

rough ER synthesizes proteins
smooth ER synthesizes lipids (among other things)

24
Q

what occurs during exocytosis?

A

secretory vesicles enter the plasma membrane where they discharge proteins and lipids from the cell

also called secretion

25
Q

________ are formed in the golgi apparatus

A

lysosomes

26
Q

what is the process of cell parts being digested by its own lysosomes?

A

autophagy

27
Q

________ are membrane-bound vesicles that enclose enzymes

A

peroxisomes

28
Q

the cytoskeleton is present in which type of cell?

A

eukaryotic

29
Q

list te parts of the cytoskeleton and their function

A
  • actin filaments
  • intermediate filaments
  • microtubues
    mintain cell shape + allow cell & organelles to move
30
Q

long, thin, flexible gibers occuring in bundles or meshlike networks are called

A

actin filaments

31
Q

intermediate filaments perfom which type of role in the cell? where are two places in the cell that they are found?

A
  1. supporting the nucleus
  2. supprting the plasma membrane & helping cells form junctions
32
Q

these structures are made of tubulin, an amio acid which comes in two forms: ________ and ______ tubulin

A

microtubules

33
Q

what do centrisomes do in eukaryotes?

A

acts as center for asssembling organizing microtubules

34
Q

short cylinders of microtubules surrounding a hollow center are called _______.

A

centrioles

35
Q

what differentiates intermediate filaments from actin filaments and microtbules?

A

intermediate filaments are strucutural in fuctio (provide support) while actin and filaments and microtubules play strucutral and movement roles

36
Q

centrioles are prominent in which prcess? how does this set them apart from cilia and flagella?

A

cell division; cilia and flagella help the cell move, not divide

37
Q

chitin is found in the cell walls of which eukaryote?

A

fungi

38
Q

this structure in a eukaryotic cell’s nucleus consists of DNA and condesneses into chromosomes during cell division

A

chromatin

39
Q

the ____ is the center for rRNA production within the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell

A

nuceolus

40
Q

ribosomes are assembled in the ________ and make _____

hint: these structures are assembled in the nucleolus

A

nucleolus; proteins

41
Q

which enzyme degrades hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen gas?

A

catalase

42
Q

what is the function of amylase?

A

breaks down carbohydrates

43
Q

chloroplasts use solar energy to synthesize ____________. these are broken down by the ______________ to produce ATP.

A

carbohydrates; mitochondria

44
Q

where does cellular respiration occur in eukaryotes?

A

the mitochondria

45
Q

what are the vesicle that metabolize fatty acids and have enzymes to break down the hydrogen peroxide produced by said metabolism called?

hint: break down hydrogen PEROXIDE

A

peroxisomes

bio 103 (fr. yr) (5 decks)

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