Ch. 7 Cellular Biology

Question 1

____- consists of 2 Protons and 2 Neutrons; very heavy; causes superficial/skin damage; can be stopped by black construction paper.

Answer 1

Alpha Particle

Question 2

____- instability of an atom caused by addition or removal of electron/s.

Answer 2

Ionization

Question 3

____- amount of energy deposited in tissue over path of radiation beam.

Answer 3

Linear Energy Transfer (LET)

Question 4

Low ___ radiation deposits little energy in tissue; ex,

x-ray and gamma rays.

Answer 4

Low LET radiation

Question 5

High ___ radiation deposits greater energy in tissue; ex, alpha.

Answer 5

High LET radiation

Question 6

____- is potentially dangerous if implanted (Prostate Seeds) or ingested, injected, pr inhaled in Nuclear Medicine.

Answer 6

High LET

Question 7

____- relative damage to tissue due to radiation being deposited.

Answer 7

Relative Biologic Effectiveness (RBE)

Question 8

__ and __ are directly proportional.

Answer 8

LET and RBE

Question 9

“Radiation Absorbed Dose” used to measure amount of radiation deposited in ANY object-living or inanimate.

Answer 9

Trad.- Rad

SI- Gray (Gy)

Question 10

“Radiation Equivalent to Man” used to measure radiation absorbed in HUMAN tissue only.

Answer 10

Trad.- Rem

SI- Seivert (Sv)

Question 11

Measure ionization IN AIR or IN AIR EXPOSURE.

1 R= 2.58 X 10 -4 C/kg

Answer 11

Trad.- Roentgen (R)

SI- Coulombs/Kg. (C/kg)

Question 12

Used to measure Radioactivity (usually Nuclear Medicine)

Answer 12

Trad.- Curie

SI- Becquerel (Bq)

Question 13

__= RADS x Quality Factor (QF)

or SEIVERTS= GRAYS x Quality Factor (QF)

Answer 13

REMS

Question 14

____- tissue irradiated under oxygenated or aerobic conditions is MORE sensitive to radiation than when irradiated under anoxic or hypoxic conditions.

Answer 14

Oxygen Enhancement Ratio (ORE)

Question 15

____ is important in Radiation Therapy because healthy, oxygenated tissue may not require as much radiation to kill cancer cells.

Answer 15

Oxygen Enhancement Ratio (ORE)

Question 16

____- young cells more vulnerable to radiation damage; ex,- stem, immature, precursor, undifferentiated cells.

Answer 16

Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau

Question 17

__-action of damage to cells from radiation occurs 5% of the time (direct hit to DNA)

Answer 17

Direct Action

Question 18

____-action of damage to cells from radiation occurs 95% of the time (due to Radiolysis of Water)

Answer 18

Indirect Action

Question 19

____- can result in formation of FREE RADICALS (*) which are extremely unstable, can travel and cause point lesions away from area that was irradiated.

Answer 19

Radiolysis of Water

Question 20

____- Hydroxyl Radical (OH) and Hydroperoxyl Radical (HO2)

Answer 20

Types of Free Radicals formed

Question 21

__- combine to form Hydrogen Peroxide (H202) which is toxic to the cell.

Answer 21

Two Hydroxyl Radicals (OH*)

Question 22

____- when radiation interacts with DNA and severs a side rail of the DNA ladder. Repair enzymes are capable of reversing some ____.

Answer 22

Point Mutaion

Question 23

____- photomicrograph of chromosome that shows damage from radiation.

Answer 23

Karotype

Question 24

____- mastermind of cell and necessary for cell survival.

Answer 24

DNA

Question 25

A whole body dose of ____ depresses blood cell count (threshold dose).

Answer 25

0.25 Gy (25 Rads)

Question 26

____- lethal dose of 3-4 Gy (300-400 Rads) that may kill 50% of exposed population in 60 days.

Answer 26

LD 50/60

Question 27

____- may cause temporary sterility in males and females (threshold dose).

Answer 27

2 Gy (200 Rads)

Question 28

__1__- may cause permanent sterility in females; | males- __2__ (threshold dose).

Answer 28

1) 5 Gy (500 Rads) | 2) 5-6 Gy (500-600 Rads)