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Endocrine and Renal Test > Ch 7 and 23 material > Flashcards

Ch 7 and 23 material Flashcards

1
Q

What is the latin name for glands?

A

“acorn”

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2
Q

What is the definition of Endocrine?

A

Internal secretion of hormones directly into

the bloodstream to reach target cells.

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3
Q

The glands and hormones help to what?

A

Help regulate how the body works-it’s metabolism

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4
Q

What are the 3 ways that the hormones act

on target cells?

A
  1. By controlling the rate of enzymatic reactions.
  2. By controlling the transport of ions or molecules across cell membranes
  3. By controlling gene expression and the synthesis of proteins.
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5
Q

What are the target cells?

A

The cells that the hormones will be acting upon

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6
Q

Specificity of signaling can be controlled if only what?

A

Some cells can respond to a particular

hormone.

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7
Q

What to the paracrine signals target?

A

Only cells in the vicinity of the emitting cell.

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8
Q

Some signaling molecules can function as both a hormone and a _____.

A

Neurotransmitter

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9
Q

What is Autocrine signaling?

A

A local chemical signal that acts on the cell that secreted it.

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10
Q

Estrogen can be released by the ovary and function as a hormone or act what?

A

Locally via paracrine to stimulate oogenesis

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11
Q

Testosterone can be released by the testes and fuction as a hormone or act what?

A

Locally via paracrine to stimulate spermatogensis

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12
Q

What is Redox signaling?

A

Where active species of oxygen and nitric oxide can also act as cellular messengers.

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13
Q

Protection=

A

Antioxidants+Reductants

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14
Q

Imalance =

A

cell damage

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15
Q

balance=

A

optimal health

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16
Q

What is the definition of Hormones?

A

Literally “to arouse, set into motion, or urge on”

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17
Q

What are non-steroids?

A

Amino acid compounds Do NOT dissolve in lipids

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18
Q

What are the 5 Non-Steroids?

A

Amines, Protein, Glycoproteins, and Peptide, and Prostaglandins

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19
Q

What are amines derived from?

A

Amino acid tyrosine-epinephrine and norepinephrine

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20
Q

Hormones associated with protein are?

A

parathyroid hormone(PTH), growth(GH), and prolactin(PRL)

21
Q

Glycoproteins are proteins joined to what?

A

carbohydrates

22
Q

Hormones associated with Glycoproteins are?

A

follicle stimulating (FSH) luteinizing (LH) thyroid stimulating(TSH)

23
Q

Peptide’s are short chains of what?

A

amino acids

24
Q

Hormones associated with peptides are what?

A

Antidiuretic(ADH) oxytocin(OT) thyrotropin releasing(TRH) somatostatin(SS) and gonadotropin releasing (GnRH)

25
Q

These are lipdi based and derived from cholesterol?

A

Steroids

26
Q

Do steroids dissolve in lipids?

A

Yes they do

27
Q

RH releasing hormone from the hypothalamus

relase hormoes from the anterior portion of the pituitary gland

A

Hormonal stimulus

28
Q

Nervous system directly stimulates some glands

A

Neural stimulus

29
Q

High blood levels of a given hormone serve to “turn off” or inhibit further section of that hormone

A

Humoral stimulus

30
Q

What are the 3 types of negative feeback stimuluses?

A

Hormonal, Neural and Humoral

31
Q

What does the Pituitary gland do?

A

Effects other glands

32
Q

What are the 3 thyroid hormones?

A

Thyroxine and triiodothyronine, and calcitonin

33
Q

What does the parathyroid hormone do?

A

regulates calcium exchange btw blood and bones by increasing concentration in the blood

34
Q

Hormones of the adreanal cortex?

A

Cortisol, Aldosterone, and sex hormones

35
Q

What does cortisol do?

A

aid in the metabolism of carbs, proteins, and fats, active during stress by increasing the levels of nutrients in the blood, also suppresses the immune response

36
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

Aids in regulating electrolytes and water balance

37
Q

What are the hormones of the pancreatic islets?

A

Insulin and glucagon

38
Q

What are the two types of stress?

A

Physical and Psychological

39
Q

What does physical stress do?

A

threatens tissues directly

40
Q

What does psychological stress do?

A

Results from thought about real or imagined dangers, perosnal losses, unpleasent social interactions, or any threatening factors

41
Q

What happens if someone is under alot of stress for a long period of time?

A

The stress hormones can start to undermine their health.

42
Q

What are the long term effects of stress from hormones?

A

Increased blood clotting, elevated blood cholesterol levels, weaken the immune system in the long term, increases in blood pressure, and chonically tensed muscles.

43
Q

What does excess cortisol in the blood do?

A

Interferes with mood enhancing neurotransmitters called seotonin.

44
Q

What are some of the disturbances of seotonin that people experience?

A

clinical depression and anxiety disorders, insomnia, obesity, increased sensitivity to pain, decreased antibody production, and depressed lyphochyte proliferation and diminished activity of natural killer cells.

45
Q

What are steroid hormones derived from?

A

Cholesterol

46
Q

Where are the peptide hormones made?

A

In tissues from all over the body

47
Q

Cells that secrete steroid hormones have an unusually large amount of what?

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

48
Q

Why are most of the steroid hormones found in the blood and not in plasma or other body fluids?

A

Because they are not very soluble

49
Q

Most amine hormoes are derived from what amino acid?

A

Tyrosine

Endocrine and Renal Test (5 decks)

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