Ch 7 and 23 material Flashcards
What is the latin name for glands?
“acorn”
What is the definition of Endocrine?
Internal secretion of hormones directly into
the bloodstream to reach target cells.
The glands and hormones help to what?
Help regulate how the body works-it’s metabolism
What are the 3 ways that the hormones act
on target cells?
- By controlling the rate of enzymatic reactions.
- By controlling the transport of ions or molecules across cell membranes
- By controlling gene expression and the synthesis of proteins.
What are the target cells?
The cells that the hormones will be acting upon
Specificity of signaling can be controlled if only what?
Some cells can respond to a particular
hormone.
What to the paracrine signals target?
Only cells in the vicinity of the emitting cell.
Some signaling molecules can function as both a hormone and a _____.
Neurotransmitter
What is Autocrine signaling?
A local chemical signal that acts on the cell that secreted it.
Estrogen can be released by the ovary and function as a hormone or act what?
Locally via paracrine to stimulate oogenesis
Testosterone can be released by the testes and fuction as a hormone or act what?
Locally via paracrine to stimulate spermatogensis
What is Redox signaling?
Where active species of oxygen and nitric oxide can also act as cellular messengers.
Protection=
Antioxidants+Reductants
Imalance =
cell damage
balance=
optimal health
What is the definition of Hormones?
Literally “to arouse, set into motion, or urge on”
What are non-steroids?
Amino acid compounds Do NOT dissolve in lipids
What are the 5 Non-Steroids?
Amines, Protein, Glycoproteins, and Peptide, and Prostaglandins
What are amines derived from?
Amino acid tyrosine-epinephrine and norepinephrine
Hormones associated with protein are?
parathyroid hormone(PTH), growth(GH), and prolactin(PRL)
Glycoproteins are proteins joined to what?
carbohydrates
Hormones associated with Glycoproteins are?
follicle stimulating (FSH) luteinizing (LH) thyroid stimulating(TSH)
Peptide’s are short chains of what?
amino acids
Hormones associated with peptides are what?
Antidiuretic(ADH) oxytocin(OT) thyrotropin releasing(TRH) somatostatin(SS) and gonadotropin releasing (GnRH)
These are lipdi based and derived from cholesterol?
Steroids
Do steroids dissolve in lipids?
Yes they do
RH releasing hormone from the hypothalamus
relase hormoes from the anterior portion of the pituitary gland
Hormonal stimulus
Nervous system directly stimulates some glands
Neural stimulus
High blood levels of a given hormone serve to “turn off” or inhibit further section of that hormone
Humoral stimulus
What are the 3 types of negative feeback stimuluses?
Hormonal, Neural and Humoral
What does the Pituitary gland do?
Effects other glands
What are the 3 thyroid hormones?
Thyroxine and triiodothyronine, and calcitonin
What does the parathyroid hormone do?
regulates calcium exchange btw blood and bones by increasing concentration in the blood
Hormones of the adreanal cortex?
Cortisol, Aldosterone, and sex hormones
What does cortisol do?
aid in the metabolism of carbs, proteins, and fats, active during stress by increasing the levels of nutrients in the blood, also suppresses the immune response
What does aldosterone do?
Aids in regulating electrolytes and water balance
What are the hormones of the pancreatic islets?
Insulin and glucagon
What are the two types of stress?
Physical and Psychological
What does physical stress do?
threatens tissues directly
What does psychological stress do?
Results from thought about real or imagined dangers, perosnal losses, unpleasent social interactions, or any threatening factors
What happens if someone is under alot of stress for a long period of time?
The stress hormones can start to undermine their health.
What are the long term effects of stress from hormones?
Increased blood clotting, elevated blood cholesterol levels, weaken the immune system in the long term, increases in blood pressure, and chonically tensed muscles.
What does excess cortisol in the blood do?
Interferes with mood enhancing neurotransmitters called seotonin.
What are some of the disturbances of seotonin that people experience?
clinical depression and anxiety disorders, insomnia, obesity, increased sensitivity to pain, decreased antibody production, and depressed lyphochyte proliferation and diminished activity of natural killer cells.
What are steroid hormones derived from?
Cholesterol
Where are the peptide hormones made?
In tissues from all over the body
Cells that secrete steroid hormones have an unusually large amount of what?
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Why are most of the steroid hormones found in the blood and not in plasma or other body fluids?
Because they are not very soluble
Most amine hormoes are derived from what amino acid?
Tyrosine
