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Endocrine and Renal Test > Ch 19 the kidneys > Flashcards

Ch 19 the kidneys Flashcards

1
Q

This comes from the greek word enphros neaning kidney.

A

Nephron

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2
Q

Where are the kidneys situated in the body?

A

btw the renal cortex

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3
Q

What is the renal medulla?

A

The functional unit of the kidney

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4
Q

What is the Glomerulus?

A

bulb of capillaries surrounded by a covering

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5
Q

What is the Gomerulus surrounded by?

A

Bowman’s capsule

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6
Q

What does the Glomerulus contain?

A

Afferent arteriole and Efferent arteriole

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7
Q

Afferent arteriole is going…

A

into the glomerulus

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8
Q

Efferent arteriole is going….

A

out of the glomerulus

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9
Q

What is the Proximal convoluted tubule?

A

The tube leading from the glomerulus

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10
Q

What happens in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Reabsorption of H20, ions and organic nutrients via diffusion, facilitated diffusion, or active transport

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11
Q

What is the descending limb

A

Tubule that comes down away from the glomerulus

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12
Q

What happens in the descending limb

A

H20 is reabsorbed via active transport

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13
Q

What is the Loop of Henle

A

The hairpin turn of the tubule leading back toward the glomerulus

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14
Q

What happens in the loop f henle

A

NaCl reabsorption via passive transport

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15
Q

Why is there no H20 reabsorption in the loop of henle

A

due to lack of aquaporin (a common water transport channel protein)

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16
Q

What is the ascending limb?

A

Tubule that comes back up toward the glomerulus

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17
Q

What happens in the ascending limb?

A

NaCl reabsorption

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18
Q

What happens in the Distal Convoluted tubule?

A

Secretion of ions under hormonal control of aldosterone stimulating the Na+ and K+ ion pumps, acids, and drugs

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19
Q

What is an example of something reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule?

A

penicillin

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20
Q

What happens at the Juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

The point at which the distal convoluted tubule makes contact with the afferent arteriole to regulate the kidney function.

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21
Q

By releasing the enzyme (renin) it in turn activates what?

A

Angiotensin protein to increase BP the kidneys maintain the pressure needed for proper filtration

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22
Q

In this some substances are actively moved from the blood into the nephron to regulate the acid-base pH balance of the body fluids.

A

Tubular Secretion

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23
Q

What does the glomerulus allow as far as filtration goes?

A

Allows diffusible materials to pass from the blood into the nephron

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24
Q

What are the fenestrated capillaries wrapped with?

A

Podocytes (footed cells)

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25
Q

What are the secondary processes called on the Podocytes?

A

Pedicels

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26
Q

What do the Pedicels do?

A

Allow filtrate to pass through filtration slits while retaining blood cells

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27
Q

What is absorption?

A

Out of the nephron into the tissues

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28
Q

What is secretion?

A

From the tissues back into the nephrons

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29
Q

Maintenance of extracellular volume is brought about by retaining or excreting what?

A

Sodium

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30
Q

Regulation of sodium and water output or excretion involves a complex set of intertwined processes in the

A

kidneys, adrenal cortex, and the blood

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31
Q

What are the 3 factors know of importance in the regulation of Na+ and H20

A
  1. Glomerular Filtration Rate
  2. The hormon Aldosterone
  3. Physical factors within the kidney itself
32
Q

Increase in blood pressure causes podocytes to reduce what?

A

Capillary permeability

33
Q

What are the 3 factors that effect the GFR?

A
  1. Increase in BP
  2. Sympathetic stimulation and vasoconstriction
  3. Parasympathetic stimulation
34
Q

If BP is decreased in the Juxtaglomerular apparatus the the Renin Concentration is

A

increased

35
Q

Increased GFR =

A

Increased Na+ excretion

36
Q

Decreased GFR =

A

Decreased Na+ excretion

37
Q

What produces Aldosterone?

A

zona glomerulosa of the adrenal ccortex

38
Q

What does Aldosterone stimulate?

A

Sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion

39
Q

How does Aldosterone reabsorb sodium and secrete potassium?

A

by the cells of the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of the kidney nephrons

40
Q

What increases in the DCT as Aldosterone concentration increases?

A

Na+

41
Q

What are the 4 things that Control the secretion of aldosterone?

A
  1. Na+ concentration in blood plasma
  2. K+ concentration in blood plasma
  3. ACTH concentration
  4. Renin secretion from the kidneys
42
Q

When sodium concentration increases in the plasma what also increases?

A

Intracellular concentration of sodium

43
Q

Increased sodium concentration =

A

decreased rate of Aldosterone secretion

44
Q

Increased potassium concentration =

A

increased rate of aldosterone secretion

45
Q

Decreased concentration of sodium in the plasma WITH an increased potassium concentration =

A

an additive affect on Aldosterone

46
Q

Increased concentration of sodium and potassium in the plasma =

A

a net affect on Aldosterone that is the algebraic sum of the two.

47
Q

The physical factors in the kidneys involve changes in what?

A

protein concentration in the plasma of the peritubular capillaries

48
Q

What results in Hyponatremia?

A

Not consuming enough sodium in the diet, excreting too much, or being overhydrated.

49
Q

How can someone get a low sodium level??

A

When body produces too much antidiuretic hormone which signals the kidneys to retain water

50
Q

What disorders can arise from Hyponatremia?

A

Pneumonia, stroke, drugs, heart failure, liver failure, kidney disorders

51
Q

Having a low sodium levels can cause what?

A

confusion, dorowsiness, muscle weakness, and seizures

52
Q

What is Hypernatremia?

A

A high sodium level

53
Q

What is Hypernatremia caused by?

A

dehydration or use of diuretics

54
Q

What are the symptoms of hypernatremia?

A

weak and feel sluggish

55
Q

Having high sodium levels can cause what?

A

confusion, paralysis, coma and seizures

56
Q

If the sodium level is slightly high it can be lowered by drinking fluids. true or false

A

true

57
Q

What is Hypokalemia?

A

Low potassium levels

58
Q

What causes Hypokalemia?

A

caused by use of a diuretic

59
Q

What do diuretics do?

A

Cause the kidneys to excrete more potassium in urine

60
Q

What is another way you can get hypokalemia?

A

having diarrhea or vomiting for a long time

61
Q

What happens to the body if the potassium levels are low for a long time?

A

the body tends to produce less insulin.

62
Q

What are the side effects of a low potassium level?

A

fatigue, confusion, muscle weakness and cramps.

63
Q

What can a VERY low potassium level cause?

A

paralysis and abnrmal heart rhythems

64
Q

In what people do heart rhythms tend to develop even if their potassium level is even moderately low?

A

People who take digoxin. (treatment for heart failure)

65
Q

What is Hyperkalemia?

A

a high potassium level

66
Q

Which is more dangerous a high or low potassium level?

A

A High potassium level

67
Q

What happens to the kidneys if there is high potassium levels?

A

kidney failure

68
Q

What is a drug that can help lower the potassium level in the kidneys?

A

Diuretic called spironolactone and angiotensin-converting exzyme inhibitors

69
Q

What can be the first symptom of high potassium levels?

A

abnormal heart rhythm

70
Q

What can help with the diagnosis of high potassium levels?

A

ECG

71
Q

Excretion = what?

A

Filtration - reabsorption + secretion

72
Q

Clearance of X =

A

[X]plasma (mg/mL plasma)

73
Q

filtration of X = what?

A

[X]plasma X GFR

74
Q

Inulin clearance = what

A

[inulin]plasma

75
Q

GFR = what?

A

inulin clearance

76
Q

During micturiton first the stretch receptors fire then what happens?

A

Parasympathetic neruons fire. Motor neurons stop firing. Then smooth muscle contracts. internal sphincter passively pulled open. External sphincter relaxes.

Endocrine and Renal Test (5 decks)

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