Ch 19 the kidneys

Question 1

This comes from the greek word enphros neaning kidney.

Answer 1

Nephron

Question 2

Where are the kidneys situated in the body?

Answer 2

btw the renal cortex

Question 3

What is the renal medulla?

Answer 3

The functional unit of the kidney

Question 4

What is the Glomerulus?

Answer 4

bulb of capillaries surrounded by a covering

Question 5

What is the Gomerulus surrounded by?

Answer 5

Bowman’s capsule

Question 6

What does the Glomerulus contain?

Answer 6

Afferent arteriole and Efferent arteriole

Question 7

Afferent arteriole is going…

Answer 7

into the glomerulus

Question 8

Efferent arteriole is going….

Answer 8

out of the glomerulus

Question 9

What is the Proximal convoluted tubule?

Answer 9

The tube leading from the glomerulus

Question 10

What happens in the proximal convoluted tubule?

Answer 10

Reabsorption of H20, ions and organic nutrients via diffusion, facilitated diffusion, or active transport

Question 11

What is the descending limb

Answer 11

Tubule that comes down away from the glomerulus

Question 12

What happens in the descending limb

Answer 12

H20 is reabsorbed via active transport

Question 13

What is the Loop of Henle

Answer 13

The hairpin turn of the tubule leading back toward the glomerulus

Question 14

What happens in the loop f henle

Answer 14

NaCl reabsorption via passive transport

Question 15

Why is there no H20 reabsorption in the loop of henle

Answer 15

due to lack of aquaporin (a common water transport channel protein)

Question 16

What is the ascending limb?

Answer 16

Tubule that comes back up toward the glomerulus

Question 17

What happens in the ascending limb?

Answer 17

NaCl reabsorption

Question 18

What happens in the Distal Convoluted tubule?

Answer 18

Secretion of ions under hormonal control of aldosterone stimulating the Na+ and K+ ion pumps, acids, and drugs

Question 19

What is an example of something reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule?

Answer 19

penicillin

Question 20

What happens at the Juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Answer 20

The point at which the distal convoluted tubule makes contact with the afferent arteriole to regulate the kidney function.

Question 21

By releasing the enzyme (renin) it in turn activates what?

Answer 21

Angiotensin protein to increase BP the kidneys maintain the pressure needed for proper filtration

Question 22

In this some substances are actively moved from the blood into the nephron to regulate the acid-base pH balance of the body fluids.

Answer 22

Tubular Secretion

Question 23

What does the glomerulus allow as far as filtration goes?

Answer 23

Allows diffusible materials to pass from the blood into the nephron

Question 24

What are the fenestrated capillaries wrapped with?

Answer 24

Podocytes (footed cells)

Question 25

What are the secondary processes called on the Podocytes?

Answer 25

Pedicels

Question 26

What do the Pedicels do?

Answer 26

Allow filtrate to pass through filtration slits while retaining blood cells

Question 27

What is absorption?

Answer 27

Out of the nephron into the tissues

Question 28

What is secretion?

Answer 28

From the tissues back into the nephrons

Question 29

Maintenance of extracellular volume is brought about by retaining or excreting what?

Answer 29

Sodium

Question 30

Regulation of sodium and water output or excretion involves a complex set of intertwined processes in the

Answer 30

kidneys, adrenal cortex, and the blood

Question 31

What are the 3 factors know of importance in the regulation of Na+ and H20

Answer 31

1. Glomerular Filtration Rate 2. The hormon Aldosterone 3. Physical factors within the kidney itself

Question 32

Increase in blood pressure causes podocytes to reduce what?

Answer 32

Capillary permeability

Question 33

What are the 3 factors that effect the GFR?

Answer 33

1. Increase in BP 2. Sympathetic stimulation and vasoconstriction 3. Parasympathetic stimulation

Question 34

If BP is decreased in the Juxtaglomerular apparatus the the Renin Concentration is

Answer 34

increased

Question 35

Increased GFR =

Answer 35

Increased Na+ excretion

Question 36

Decreased GFR =

Answer 36

Decreased Na+ excretion

Question 37

What produces Aldosterone?

Answer 37

zona glomerulosa of the adrenal ccortex

Question 38

What does Aldosterone stimulate?

Answer 38

Sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion

Question 39

How does Aldosterone reabsorb sodium and secrete potassium?

Answer 39

by the cells of the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of the kidney nephrons

Question 40

What increases in the DCT as Aldosterone concentration increases?

Answer 40

Na+

Question 41

What are the 4 things that Control the secretion of aldosterone?

Answer 41

1. Na+ concentration in blood plasma 2. K+ concentration in blood plasma 3. ACTH concentration 4. Renin secretion from the kidneys

Question 42

When sodium concentration increases in the plasma what also increases?

Answer 42

Intracellular concentration of sodium

Question 43

Increased sodium concentration =

Answer 43

decreased rate of Aldosterone secretion

Question 44

Increased potassium concentration =

Answer 44

increased rate of aldosterone secretion

Question 45

Decreased concentration of sodium in the plasma WITH an increased potassium concentration =

Answer 45

an additive affect on Aldosterone

Question 46

Increased concentration of sodium and potassium in the plasma =

Answer 46

a net affect on Aldosterone that is the algebraic sum of the two.

Question 47

The physical factors in the kidneys involve changes in what?

Answer 47

protein concentration in the plasma of the peritubular capillaries

Question 48

What results in Hyponatremia?

Answer 48

Not consuming enough sodium in the diet, excreting too much, or being overhydrated.

Question 49

How can someone get a low sodium level??

Answer 49

When body produces too much antidiuretic hormone which signals the kidneys to retain water

Question 50

What disorders can arise from Hyponatremia?

Answer 50

Pneumonia, stroke, drugs, heart failure, liver failure, kidney disorders

Question 51

Having a low sodium levels can cause what?

Answer 51

confusion, dorowsiness, muscle weakness, and seizures

Question 52

What is Hypernatremia?

Answer 52

A high sodium level

Question 53

What is Hypernatremia caused by?

Answer 53

dehydration or use of diuretics

Question 54

What are the symptoms of hypernatremia?

Answer 54

weak and feel sluggish

Question 55

Having high sodium levels can cause what?

Answer 55

confusion, paralysis, coma and seizures

Question 56

If the sodium level is slightly high it can be lowered by drinking fluids. true or false

Answer 56

true

Question 57

What is Hypokalemia?

Answer 57

Low potassium levels

Question 58

What causes Hypokalemia?

Answer 58

caused by use of a diuretic

Question 59

What do diuretics do?

Answer 59

Cause the kidneys to excrete more potassium in urine

Question 60

What is another way you can get hypokalemia?

Answer 60

having diarrhea or vomiting for a long time

Question 61

What happens to the body if the potassium levels are low for a long time?

Answer 61

the body tends to produce less insulin.

Question 62

What are the side effects of a low potassium level?

Answer 62

fatigue, confusion, muscle weakness and cramps.

Question 63

What can a VERY low potassium level cause?

Answer 63

paralysis and abnrmal heart rhythems

Question 64

In what people do heart rhythms tend to develop even if their potassium level is even moderately low?

Answer 64

People who take digoxin. (treatment for heart failure)

Question 65

What is Hyperkalemia?

Answer 65

a high potassium level

Question 66

Which is more dangerous a high or low potassium level?

Answer 66

A High potassium level

Question 67

What happens to the kidneys if there is high potassium levels?

Answer 67

kidney failure

Question 68

What is a drug that can help lower the potassium level in the kidneys?

Answer 68

Diuretic called spironolactone and angiotensin-converting exzyme inhibitors

Question 69

What can be the first symptom of high potassium levels?

Answer 69

abnormal heart rhythm

Question 70

What can help with the diagnosis of high potassium levels?

Answer 70

ECG

Question 71

Excretion = what?

Answer 71

Filtration - reabsorption + secretion

Question 72

Clearance of X =

Answer 72

exretion rate of X(mg/min) ------------------------------------- [X]plasma (mg/mL plasma)

Question 73

filtration of X = what?

Answer 73

[X]plasma X GFR

Question 74

Inulin clearance = what

Answer 74

excretion rate of inulin -------------------------------- [inulin]plasma

Question 75

GFR = what?

Answer 75

inulin clearance

Question 76

During micturiton first the stretch receptors fire then what happens?

Answer 76

Parasympathetic neruons fire. Motor neurons stop firing. Then smooth muscle contracts. internal sphincter passively pulled open. External sphincter relaxes.