Ch 7 A - Structure of Organic Compounds

Question 1

what properties of carbon allow it to bond to a variety of atoms

Answer 1

• its valence electron number
• relative bond strength
• relative stability of carbon bonds with other elements.

Question 2

number and uses of carbons valence electrons

Answer 2

4 valence electrons
-Each carbon atom
forms four bonds in a tetrahedral arrangement
- carbon is able to form either single, double, or triple bonds
with either itself or other elements

Question 3

factors that impact the energy of chem bond

Answer 3

bond length
* the difference in electronegativity of the atoms involved
* size of the atoms.

Question 4

bond length

Answer 4

distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms

vary depending on the strength of the
electrostatic attraction between the nuclei of the bonded atoms and their
shared electrons.

Question 5

relation between bond length and energy

Answer 5

in general bond energy (and hence bond strength) increases as the length of a
bond decreases.

Question 6

relationship between electronegativity and bond strength

Answer 6

bonds formed between elements with larger differences in electronegativity form stronger bonds

Question 7

alkanes
general formula
general structure

Answer 7

saturated hydrocarbons that have only single
carbon-carbon bonds in their structures.
Cn H2n + 2

linear or branched
chains (due to the presence of side chains)

Question 8

alkenes
general formula
general structure

Answer 8

unsaturated hydrocarbons - at least one c-c double bond

Cn H2n

double bond causes a kink in the carbon chain

Question 9

cycloalkane

Answer 9

an alkane arranged in a closed
ring with no terminal carbon.
ie cyclohexane

each carbon atom is bonded to two
adjacent carbon atoms and two hydrogen atoms.

Question 10

branched alkanes general formula

Answer 10

Cn H2n

Question 11

Cyclohexane and benzene are

Answer 11

hydrocarbons with a cyclic structure.

Question 12

Benzene

Answer 12

cyclic compound
- 6 carbon atoms in its ring structure,
each bonded to one hydrogen atom and two adjacent carbon atoms. One electron
from each carbon atom is delocalised and shared equally between carbon atoms
in the ring, resulting in a very stable formation

Question 13

Haloalkanes

Answer 13

are alkane-based compounds that have one or more halogen atoms
bonded to the carbon chain(in place of hydrogens)

Question 14

why do haloalkanes have a polar bond

Answer 14

more electronegative than carbon atoms
- tendency to attract
the shared pair of electrons to their own nucleus.
- polar bond
carbon atom has a partial positive charge
- halogen atom has a partial negative charge

Question 15

Amine 

Answer 15

organic compound with an amino functional group (−NH2)

Question 16

Alkyl group 

Answer 16

group containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms (e.g. −CH3, −CH2CH3)

Question 17

Amide functional groups

Answer 17

(−CONH)
contains a carbonyl group (C=O) whose carbon atom is bonded to
a nitrogen atom

Question 18

Primary amide 

Answer 18

organic compound that contains an amide functional group at a terminal carbon atom (−CONH2)

nitrogen is only bonded to one carbon - hence found at terminal carbon

Question 19

Alcohols

Answer 19

derivatives of hydrocarbons that have a hydroxyl (−OH) group bonded to a carbon atom in the carbon chain.

OH in place of a H

Question 20

primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols

Answer 20

carbon that is bonded to OH, is also bonded to one, two and three alkyl groups respectively

Question 21

Aldehydes and ketones

Answer 21

are compounds that have a carbonyl group (C=O) in
their structures

carbon in the carbonyl group is able to take part in two more covalent bonds.

Question 22

Aldehydes

Answer 22

one remaining carbon bonds with hydrogen, forming (-CHO) functional group.
only exists at the end of a carbon chain.
The carbon atom can then either bond with a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group.

Question 23

ketones

Answer 23

organic compound that contains a carbonyl functional group (C=O), where the
carbon atom in the −C=O group is bonded to two other carbon atoms (aka alkyl groups)

Question 24

Carboxyl group 

Answer 24

a combination of hydroxyl (−OH) and carbonyl (C=O) groups functional groups (−COOH) attached to a single carbon atom

found at the
end of the carbon chain

may either bond to an
alkyl group or a hydrogen atom

Question 25

why are carboxyl’s weak acids

Answer 25

has the capacity to donate its H+ into
a solution, it is able to act as a weak acid.

Question 26

ester

Answer 26

organic compound that contains an ester functional group (−COOC−)

one carbon
atom is linked to one oxygen atom through a double bond
(a carbonyl) and to another oxygen atom through a single bond.
The oxygen atom
in the single carbon-oxygen bond is then bonded to an alkyl group