Ch. 7-9 Brainscape Flashcards

Question

What was the target of the initial American attack during the War of 1812?

Answer 1

American forces launched a three-prong attack into Canada. Poorly equipped and poorly led, American troops were defeated, achieving only one notable success by burning York (modern-day Toronto).

Answer 2

The British campaign was centered on the Chesapeake region. They captured and burned Washington, and then attempted to take Baltimore and Fort McHenry; Fort McHenry withstood the British attack, and Francis Scott Key, who’d observed the bombardment of the fort, was inspired to write the “Star Spangled Banner.”

Answer 3

Andrew Jackson fought a successful campaign against Britain’s allies, the Creek Indians (opening Alabama for settlement), then withstood a British attack at New Orleans; The Battle of New Orleans took place on January 8, 1815. A stirring American victory, it actually took place two weeks after a peace treaty had been signed between the British and Americans at Ghent, in Belgium.

Answer 4

The Treaty of Ghent restored the status quo antebellum (a Latin phrase meaning: the state in which things were before the war), and formalized the American/Canadian boundary. Neither side had achieved decisive victory in the War of 1812.

Answer 5

The Hartford Convention was a meeting of New England Federalists opposed to the War of 1812, many of whom supported secession. Although a vote for secession failed, the Hartford Convention urged opposition to the War and amendment to the Constitution to stop the growth of Democratic-Republican power; After the War and Jackson’s victory at the Battle of New Orleans, the Federalists were castigated as unpatriotic, and by 1820, the Federalists had disintegrated as a national political force.

Answer 6

In the Rush-Bagot Agreement, British and American diplomats severely limited naval armament on the Great Lakes and set the stage for limits on border forts between the United States and Canada; The Rush-Bagot Agreement began the peaceful coexistence between America and Canada that has lasted to this day.

Answer 7

The Marshall Court issued decisions that established the superiority of the federal government over the states.

Answer 8

Fletcher v. Peck (1810): In Fletcher, the Georgia state legislature had enacted a law that voided some land sales which a previous legislature had made and which were induced by corruption; The Marshall Court held that the Georgia legislature’s law which voided the land sales were a violation of the U.S. Constitution, even if the land sales had been made by a corrupt process.

Answer 9

After Spanish troops were withdrawn from Florida to suppress rebellions in Central and South America, a mixed band of escaped slaves, whites, and Seminole Indians used the lack of authority to launch raids on American settlements and then flee across the border beyond American retribution; President Monroe authorized Jackson to stop the raids by crossing the border if necessary.

Answer 10

Concerned that goods from newly peaceful Britain would flood the U.S. market, Congress passed a high tariff in 1816 to protect American manufacturers; Although passed by Democratic-Republicans, the Tariff of 1816 was similar to one proposed by Hamilton during George Washington’s adminstration.

Answer 11

The American Colonization Society suggested that the government purchase enslaved people and have them transported back to Africa; The country of Liberia, Africa was founded by the American Colonization Society. Although men such as Lincoln supported the idea, it never caught on and only 12,000 Black Americans returned to Africa.

Answer 12

The religious revivals known as “burned-over districts”, which had “set the area on fire with religious devotion”, were created during this phase; One of the most prominent people of the 2nd Great Awakening was Charles Grandison Finney, a Presbyterian Minister who preached about God at camp meetings in upstate New York, creating more burned-over districts.

Answer 13

Upstate New York saw large numbers of revival meetings, where ministers such as Charles G. Finney converted so many people that the area was lit with the “fire of religious devotion”. Upstate New York also saw the birth of new Christian sects including Seventh Day Adventism and Mormonism.

Answer 14

Washington Irving; Irving specialized in short stories, such as the Legend of Sleepy Hollow and Rip van Winkle, and gained a large audience on both sides of the Atlantic; Irving was one of the first writers to write with the avowed purpose of entertainment, rather than to inform his audience.

Answer 15

Several factories hired women, some of whom worked in the Lowell System, where workers lived and labored at the factory. Children as young as seven were employed throughout the Northeast; The Lowell System, which offered a safe space for women to work, began in the early 1820s.

Answer 16

The three main sections of the country were the North, the South, and the West. The West was generally considered anything beyond the Mississippi River.

Answer 17

Beginning in the 1820s, the interests of the sections of the country began to diverge. The South resented the Tariff of Abominations, which was being used to fund improvements such as roads and canals in the West and North. Westerners did not like the Bank of the United States, which they felt was being used by Northern merchants to enhance their wealth. The North disliked slavery, which was fundamental to the South’s economic prosperity.

Answer 18

Most immigrants settled in the North; While Irish immigrants remained in many of the urban centers on the Eastern seaboard, Germans took up residence in the Old Northwest (the states that made up the Northwestern Territories), starting farms in locations such as Minnesota, Ohio, and Indiana.

Answer 19

The Old Northwest became the new home of many migrants who left New England. Their migration was the first of many that would continue to push the frontier ever farther westward, and they brought with them much of the culture of the New England colonies.

Answer 20

Black Americans in the North had limited property, voting, and legal rights, and received lower wages than whites. Much like the Irish in the South, many of the Northern Irish resented Blacks as the only inferior group in the social hierarchy.

Answer 21

tobacco; rice

Answer 22

Most Indians lived a nomadic existence, aided by the introduction of the horse. Indian villages were mobile, and the tribes in the Great Plains and Upper Midwest followed the massive buffalo herds that roamed the prairies.

Answer 23

The life of a frontier woman was most often nasty, brutish, and short: Most farm houses were miles away from neighbors, and isolation was intense; A frontier woman not only had to help her husband in the field, but was responsible for keeping house, cooking, and tending to the sick; Many women died in childbirth, or succumbed to disease.

Answer 24

Erie Canal; The Canal’s completion allowed goods to be shipped to New York via the Great Lakes from as far away as Wisconsin, and the Canal soon rivaled the Mississippi River as the nation’s aquatic highway.

Answer 25

In the early 1820s, New York permitted the formation of corporations. A corporation allows many individuals to purchase a percentage of ownership (known as a share); By allowing companies to issue stock to raise funds, corporations were able to invest capital in property, plants, and equipment, speeding the growth of manufacturing.

Answer 26

1. Railroads: New York marked the terminus of many Western railroads, which meant that agricultural products were shipped to New York and New York shipped finished goods to the Midwest; 2. Banking: New York banks proved adept at lending capital to distant farmers, in both the West and South; 3. Shipping: New York became the largest harbor in the United States, and transported Western agricultural products and finished goods overseas

Answer 27

The Era of Good Feelings began with James Monroe’s election to the Presidency in 1816. With the Federalist Party collapsing, the Democratic-Republicans dominated politics and there was a renewed optimism brought about by a revived American economy and peace in Europe.

Answer 28

The Court ruled that under the Commerce Clause of the Constitution, the federal government had wide authority over interstate commerce (one of the steamboats traveled between New York and New Jersey), and the Federal contract overruled the state-level contract; This case is important because it showed how the Marshall Court continued to rule in favor of more federal power.

Answer 29

The Court held that Maryland could not tax the Bank. The Constitution gave the government the implied power to create a bank, and because the power to tax is the power to destroy, Maryland could not tax an institution created by the federal government; Another court case where the Marshall Court ruled in favor of stronger federal power.

Answer 30

The Spanish ceded it to the United States in the Adams-Onis Treaty; With American troops already in Florida (Andrew Jackson had captured Pensacola in 1818), the Spanish government recognized that the United States would likely conquer Florida and agreed to sell it to the United States, as well as give up its rights to the Oregon Territory; For payment, the U.S. government assumed $5 million in claims against Spain and also abandoned any claim to Spanish Texas based upon the Louisiana Purchase.

Answer 31

Total abstention from alcohol; Founded in the 1820s, the American Temperance Society equated alcohol with sin, and argued for its complete ban.

Answer 32

The Monroe Doctrine asserted that no further European colonization would be allowed in the New World and any attempt to do so would result in American intervention.

Answer 33

1. Impose a high tariff on foreign goods to protect American manufacturing and provide revenue for internal improvements; 2. Establish a National Bank to provide stable currency and a credit to the federal government; 3. Stimulate internal improvements (transportation projects) to aid the development of the West and to funnel agricultural goods to eastern ports

Answer 34

The Second Bank of the United States responded to the inflation that resulted from the end of the War of 1812 by tightening public credit. As a result, the economy collapsed; The West was especially hard-hit as the government foreclosed on farms and debtors were thrown into prison. As a result, the Bank was exceedingly unpopular in the West.

Answer 35

There were more Northern Representatives in the House, since the North had a greater population. In the Senate, however, there were 11 free state Senators, and 11 slave state Senators. Missouri’s admission as a slave state threatened to upset the even numbers in the Senate, worrying many in the North.

Answer 36

1. Missouri admitted as a slave state 2. Maine admitted as a free state 3. slavery disallowed in future territories north of 36°30’ except within Missouri itself

Answer 37

Henry Clay. The Missouri Compromise preserved the balance of power in the Senate, ensuring that for each free state admitted to the Union, a slave state would also be admitted. Portions of the Missouri Compromise would be repealed by the Kansas Nebraska Act of 1854, which allowed new states to vote on whether or not they wanted to allow slavery, and others would be struck down in the Scott v. Sandford decision.

Answer 38

The Missouri Compromise began the trend of sectionalism, and citizens began viewing the effect of political and economic activity on one’s section as equally important to the effect of the activity on the nation as a whole. The three sections are generally considered to be the North, the South, and the West.

Answer 39

1. John Quincy Adams; 2. Henry Clay; 3. Andrew Jackson; 3. William Crawford Andrew Jackson won the popular vote, but failed to win a majority of the electoral college. John Quincy Adams finished second, and William Crawford third (although he was nearly dead). Since none of the candidates won a majority of the electoral college, the election of the President was sent to the House of Representatives.

Answer 40

n 1824, the House of Representatives was under the control of Henry Clay (who also finished fourth in the Electoral College that year). Although Andrew Jackson had won the popular vote, Clay’s efforts convinced the House to vote for John Quincy Adams as President. Upon his election, Adams promptly nominated Clay as Secretary of State (considered a stepping stone to the Presidency). Outraged Jacksonians saw a conspiracy afoot, and denounced what they considered a “corrupt bargain.”

Answer 41

Each of the four candidates was ostensibly from the same political party, the Democratic-Republican Party. After the election, the Party split into Democrats (who supported Jackson), and the National Republicans, who became the Whig Party in 1828.

Answer 42

They nicknamed the 1828 Tariff the “Tariff of Abominations.” Ironically, the Tariff had been originally proposed by South Carolina Congressman John C. Calhoun. In response to the Tariff of Abominations, the British sharply reduced their cotton imports from the South, ravaging the South’s economic base.

Answer 43

Jackson’s supporters characterized him as the champion of the common man. Jackson had no higher education, had been in several duels, and was a military hero. Jackson’s background readily appealed to the newly enfranchised voters of the West, from where he drew much of his support.

Answer 44

Changes in many states’ electoral laws had removed the rule that a voter must own land in order to vote. Thousands of newly enfranchised white male voters flocked to the polls, many of them supporting Andrew Jackson.

Answer 45

The Lowell System provided employment for thousands of women in the factory towns of Massachusetts. Women from nearby farms lived in factory dormitories for short periods, working long hours in miserable conditions to earn enough for a dowry or to help their families.

Answer 46

Women were most often employed either as teachers, or as domestic servants. Following marriage, it was expected that a woman would cease having any profession at all.

Answer 47

Religions like the Millerites and Mormons were created. Charles Grandison Finney, who was a Presbyterian minister, would reach fame during the 1830s as he moved his camp revivalist to the city (New York City) where tens of thousands would hear him preach about God.

Answer 48

Andrew Jackson’s Kitchen Cabinet was a group of informal advisors upon whose counsel Jackson relied, breaking the tradition of consulting formal Cabinet ministers.

Answer 49

Under the Spoils System, the newly elected President appointed those who’d helped him to federal office, such as Postmaster. Jackson believed that no training was necessary for any federal office. He also rotated federal officeholders after his first term, so as to provide jobs to as many Democrats as possible.

Answer 50

William Lloyd Garrison; Taking inspiration from Thoreau, Garrison declared “that which is not just is not law.”

Answer 51

The American Anti-Slavery Society; Based in New York City and founded by William Lloyd Garrison in 1833, the American Anti-Slavery Society demanded the immediate abolition of slavery.; The American Anti-Slavery Society issued pamphlets, petitions to Congress, and sponsored speeches, including many by Frederick Douglass.

Answer 52

Nat Turner was born enslaved on a Virginia plantation where his enslaver taught him how to read and write while also introducing him to religion. As a result, Nat Turner became an enslaved preacher. Believing in signs and hearing voices in his head, Nat became convinced that God chose him to free the enslaved after witnessing a solar eclipse. With the help of 4 other enslaved men, he became infamous during the 1830s to free enslaved people, from which he successfully freed 80 enslaved people, during a slave uprising on August 21, 1831.

Answer 53

Nat Turner was captured and executed with 17 other enslaved Black people, while the other enslaved escaped. Broadly speaking, it affected southern slavery by making laws with harsher punishments for people who taught their enslaved people how to read. Southern states, starting with Virginia, would also make it illegal for enslaved people to preach Christianity.

Answer 54

A network to guide escaped slaves to safe houses. The Underground Railroad, directed by enslaved people themselves, such as Sojourner Truth and Harriet Tubman, was a network that guided escaped enslaved peoples along secret routes and to safe houses until they reached freedom. Most often, these railroads ended in Canada, where enslaving people was already illegal. Southern laws had harsh punishments for people who helped anyone along on the Underground railroad. Southern slave catchers were always a danger for enslaved peoples and their liberators, even in northern “free” states.

Answer 55

Between 1831-1836, William Lloyd Garrison and other abolitionists sent anti-slavery petitions to Congress. Rather than hear the petitions, in 1836 Congress voted to table any anti-slavery petition without debate, known as a gag rule. From 1836 until the gag rule was repealed in 1844, Congress repeatedly debated whether to keep the gag rule in place.

Answer 56

The Indian Removal Act forcibly ejected Indians from lands east of the Mississippi. Signed by Andrew Jackson and carried out during Martin Van Buren’s presidency, the Native Americans followed the 1,000-mile long Trail of Tears, forced to by the United States military, where 15,000 men, women, and children died, due to hunger, disease, and exhaustion. Some Native American men had to walk with shackles on their hands and feet.

Answer 57

South Carolina told the US government that it didn’t have to follow federal law anymore, specifically, the Tariff of Abominations. By doing this, South Carolina was, in effect, “nullifying” the law/tariff. According to the John Marshall Supreme Court, Federal power had always been favored over State power. So when South Carolina was still unwilling to follow the law, it caused a crisis since a state was being disloyal to the union by refusing to follow the federal law, which had already been upheld by the Supreme Court.

Answer 58

Jackson considered South Carolina’s actions to be treason. After asking Congress for a Force Bill, Jackson mobilized the Army, and threatened to hang John C. Calhoun, a South Carolina politician and his former Vice President, from the nearest tree. This was because John C. Calhoun had been responsible for the crisis. Jackson, although in favor of states’ rights, considered South Carolina’s actions to be treason.

Answer 59

The Second Bank of the United States. Jackson felt that the Bank was unconstitutional, and only served the wealthy. Jackson declared war on the Bank, and on its President, Nicholas Biddle. It did not help the Bank’s public image that Biddle was arrogant and unpopular.

Answer 60

Although the Bank’s charter still had a few years left, Clay pushed a recharter bill through Congress, which Jackson promptly vetoed. Clay had hoped that Jackson’s veto of the recharter bill would swing the election to the Whigs, but the move backfired, and Jackson defeated Clay handily in the 1832 election.

Answer 61

Pet banks were local banks, rather than the Second Bank of the United States. Following his reelection in 1832, Jackson had withdrawn the United States’ funds from the Bank of the United States, and deposited them in pet banks.

Answer 62

Currency printed by a bank. Banks had an option to accept another bank’s scrip in repayment for a loan, or to demand gold or silver instead. This gold and silver is called “specie”. When the Pet Banks were loaded with cash, those banks began to issue scrip.

Answer 63

Purchase land; Don’t live on it themselves; Sell it to other people when the value of their land goes up.

Answer 64

It helped to create inflation but made it harder to save money. With a plentiful supply of money, Jackson’s Pet banks were eager to loan their money out to people so that they (Jackson’s Pet banks) could collect interest from the loans they gave out to people, thus making more money. The first people to come to Jackson’s Pet Banks were land speculators, so the Pet Banks lent money to loads of land speculators.

Answer 65

Jackson issued his Specie Circular, which required that purchases of government land be made in gold and silver, rather than paper currency from his Pet Banks. Since banks were more willing to lend scrip, rather than gold and silver, this led to a sudden curtailment of credit, resulting in the Panic of 1837.

Answer 66

The Panic of 1837 was a direct result of Jackson’s Specie Circular, which significantly handicapped the Pet Banks’ ability to lend money since people valued specie greater than the Pet Bank Scrip. The devaluation of the scrip in the economy led to the Panic of 1837, slowing economic growth. However, the blame for the Panic and the depression which followed fell squarely upon President Martin van Buren, Jackson’s chosen successor, even though the Panic was largely due to Jackson’s withdrawal of funds from the Second Bank of the United States and the resulting Specie Circular.

Answer 67

Jacksonian Democracy centered upon the participation of the white male public in elections and the government. Under Jackson’s view, any white man could fill any office in the federal government. Jacksonian Democracy favored a strong Presidency and a weak Congress. The era of Jacksonian Democracy lasted until the 1850s when slavery once more loomed large as a national political issue.

Answer 68

New farming implements (and larger farms in the American West) meant that for the first time, farmers were able to produce surplus goods, beyond merely what they needed to sustain themselves and their families. These surplus goods were shipped to the new urban centers that were springing up along canals and railroads.

Answer 69

Much of the farmland in areas such as Georgia and South Carolina had been exhausted by years of cotton farming and poor crop management. The lands in these new states proved fertile and ideal for cotton growing. The new arrivals typically brought their enslaved people with them, and the price for buying an enslaved person doubled between 1825 and 1845.

Answer 70

To the extent that they existed, unions focused on efforts to limit the workday to 10 hours. Several factors limited any pressure that unions were able to exert in the economy: the depression that followed the Panic of 1837, which led to a surplus of labor; the constant influx of immigrants, who provided an inexpensive pool of non-union labor.

Answer 71

Plantation Owners. To be considered in the upper echelon of the South’s plantation economy, one needed 1,000 acres of land and have at least possess 100 enslaved people.

Answer 72

Most cotton was produced by smaller farmers. Many small farmers had two or three enslaved people, with landholdings of up to 40 acres.

Answer 73

Of the three classes in the Southern farming society, the “bukra” were the lowest class and the strongest advocates of slavery. Slavery kept them from falling to the bottom rung of the social structure. The bukra comprised some 75% of the white population in the South.

Answer 74

None: It was against the law to teach slaves to read or write, although a few managed to learn clandestinely (Frederick Douglass was a famous example).

Answer 75

Located primarily in New York, were followers of William Miller, who predicted that Christ would return to Earth sometime between 1843 and 1844. Although Christ did not appear (an event known as “The Great Disappointment”), the heartbroken Millerites founded their own Christian sect, now known as Seventh Day Adventism.

Answer 76

Joseph Smith. Smith claimed to have found golden plates containing a third Testament (in addition to the Old and New Testaments), under the direction of the angel Moroni.

Answer 77

Mormonism, especially the Mormon practice of polygamy, evoked great hostility. Mormons were driven from New York to Missouri and then to Illinois, where Joseph Smith was killed. Brigham Young led the Mormons to Utah, where it was hoped that their isolated location in the Utah desert would provide some degree of protection.

Answer 78

The Second Great Awakening had a very minimal impact on the South; it was almost solely a Northern phenomenon.

Answer 79

The Shakers were a religious group that grew significantly during the Second Great Awakening, and believed in equality of the sexes. They preached complete celibacy, and relied on conversion for new members of their sect.

Answer 80

Transcendentalism was a philosophical movement that started in the early 1800s but peaked in interest during the 1830s and 1840s. People who were followers of this movement criticized organized religion, industrial society, slavery, and the subjugation of women. Transcendentalists argued that when individual people were self-reliant, they could be at their best, and ideal communities could be formed from such self-reliant people. Brooks Farm was one attempt at creating a type of transcendentalist community “utopia”.

Answer 81

Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson is considered one of the founders of Transcendentalism, and was an extremely popular lecturer from the 1830s onward. Emerson influenced writers such as Louisa May Alcott, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau.

Answer 82

Bingham specialized in painting the Frontier, and his most famous paintings are of evocative scenes of the lives of fur traders and pioneers, and of political activities in rural areas.

Answer 83

The Hudson River School artists primarily painted nature and wilderness scenes of the Hudson River Valley and the nearby Adirondack and Catskill Mountains. Artists such as Thomas Cole and Frederick Church specialized in depicting the grandeur of nature.

Answer 84

Audubon was a French-American ornithologist and painter who specialized in illustrating birds. Audubon’s The Birds of America was the result of years of painstaking labor to draw, in color, every bird in the United States.

Answer 85

Oberlin College (1833). Higher education for women was still unusual. Those women who learned more than mere reading and writing were typically upper class, and attended institutions that specialized in teaching social graces, rather than significant higher education.

Answer 86

The Liberty Party wanted to use the political process to end the institution of slavery. Although the party never received many votes, its mere existence was an irritant to the South.