Ch. 19 Review Flashcards
Explain what happened during the 1893 Coup of the Kingdom of Hawaii.
Jan 16, 1893: 13 American Businessmen and lawyers, calling themselves “the Committee of Safety” with assistance from the US military to overthrew the Queen Liliuokalani of Hawaii. President Cleveland criticized the involvement of American troops who had been used in the coup as a misuse of power by the United States.
In 1893, the stock market suffered a collapse similar to the one in 1873 when railroad overbuilding led to bank failures. How did President Cleveland address the depression that ensued?
Believing that the depression was caused by the free coinage of silver and a shortage of gold, Cleveland convinced Congress to repeal the Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890, and to reduce the McKinley Tariff’s rate. Although reducing the tariff rate helped only a little bit, by repealing the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, Cleveland made the Panic of 1893 much worse, since it restricted the flow of money. Less money available meant Banks were less likely to loan money, which restricted the growth of business and jobs.
Coxey’s Army
A group of thousands of unemployed men ed by Populist James A. Coxey who marched on Washington in 1894 as a result of the depression. Demanded a public works program, but following their leader’s arrest, the group disbanded.
The Atlanta Compromise
During an 1895 speech at the Atlanta Exposition, Booker T. Washington announced that an agreement had been reached between Southern whites and Blacks. Under the agreement, Blacks agreed to submit to white political rule, while whites guaranteed that blacks would receive basic education in trades and due process in law.
Jose Marti
Smuggled in from the United States into Cuba in 1995 to begin a revolution against the Spanish rule.
Yellow Journalism
Sensationalized journalism to gain public support for war in Cuba. Both Hearst’s Journal and Pulitzer’s World covered Martí’s revolution and atrocities committed by the Spanish government in suppressing it, such as the decision to concentrate suspected revolutionaries in camps. Both newspapers urged American intervention.
Separate but Equal
The South used “Separate but Equal” to justify segregation under the Constitution. The Supreme Court condoned Separate but Equal in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), holding that racial segregation was legal, so long as the facilities offered to blacks were roughly equal to those offered to whites. In reality, the separate bathrooms, drinking fountains, schools, railroad cars, and myriad other separate facilities were never equal. In 1954, the Court overturned Plessy in Brown v. Board of Education.
How did William Jennings Bryan secure the 1896 Democrat nomination for President?
Bryan endorsed free silver in his famous “Cross of Gold” speech.
Who won the election of 1896?
William McKinley crushed William Jennings Bryan in one of the most lopsided presidential elections in history.
In 1897, early in President McKinley’s first term, gold was discovered in _____, bringing the U.S. out of the depression which followed the Panic of 1893.
Alaska. The Alaskan Gold Strike also increased the amount of gold in circulation, lessening the appeal of candidates who supported silver coinage.
The first newspaper to reach 1,000,000 in circulation
The New York World, published by Joseph Pulitzer, reached the 1,000,000 mark in the 1890s. Unlike the more staid papers of the day, Pulitzer’s World emphasized sensationalism with lurid tales of love gone wrong, murder, and corruption in high places.
Who led the New York Journal, a rival to Pulitzer’s New York World?
William Randolph Hearst. Hearst and Pulitzer engaged in a newspaper war fighting for subscribers with ever-escalating sensationalism. Critics dubbed their conduct “yellow journalism.” The term “yellow journalism” stems from the Yellow Kid comic strip, which was published in both the Journal and the World.
Jingoism
A belligerent nationalist foreign policy. The term was used in the 1890s to describe those who supported continued American expansion, by diplomatic means if possible, but by war if necessary.
Imperialism
a policy of extending a country’s power, territory, or influence by diplomacy, force, or a combination of both.
What political group opposed continued U.S. imperialism in the early 20th century?
the Anti-Imperialist League. Guided by William Jennings Bryan, the Anti-Imperialist League opposed the U.S. annexation of the Philippines in the aftermath of the Spanish-American War. The League contended that annexation was against the wishes of the Filipinos, and thus contrary to the American principle of the “consent of the governed.”
The De Lôme Letter
De Lôme was the Spanish Ambassador to the United States. In February 1898 (a few weeks before the Maine sank in Havana), a letter written by De Lôme to his government, which insulted President McKinley, was leaked and published in The New York Journal. The letter, which described McKinley as “weak and catering to the rabble,” outraged Americans.
In 1898, the sinking of the _____ in Havana Harbor provided the excuse for an American declaration of war on Spain.
USS Maine. One of America’s new battleships, the Maine exploded on the night of February 15, 1898. Although probably the result of an accident, the sinking provided a pretext for war. A popular Spanish-American War recruiting slogan was “Remember the Maine, and to hell with Spain.”
Before requesting Congress to declare war in 1898, President McKinley issued an ultimatum to Spain, demanding that Spain cease hostilities against the Cuban revolutionaries. How did Spain respond?
Spain agreed, but under domestic pressure President McKinley asked Congress for a declaration of war anyway. The Spanish-American War was officially declared on April 20, 1898.
The Teller Amendment
Affixed to the American declaration of war against Spain in 1898, the Teller Amendment declared that after the war, Cuba would be granted self-government. For the Cubans at least, the Spanish-American War would be a war of liberation, not of conquest.
What were the terms of the Treaty of Paris (1898), ending the Spanish-American War?
Under the Treaty of Paris, the United States gained the Spanish possessions of Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines, for which the United States paid $20 million. Cuba, where most of the fighting had taken place, was placed under the jurisdiction of the United States military, and achieved independence in 1902, albeit with significant limitations on its foreign policy.
The Treaty of Paris (1898), ending the Spanish-American War, provided for American annexation of the Philippines. How did Filipinos respond?
Filipinos were outraged, having expected independence. Emilio Aguinaldo, a Filipino nationalist, led a guerrilla movement against American forces. The Philippine Insurrection resulted in thousands of casualties.
The Open Door Policy
In 1899, Secretary of State John Hay sent a note to those nations holding “spheres of influence” (territorial grants from China). Hay requested a formal guarantee of Chinese territorial integrity and free use of ports within China for trade, an “open door” for all nations. Hay’s diplomacy marked America’s arrival as a first-class power, on par with the European nations.
How did the United States respond to the Boxer Rebellion
In 1900, the United States joined seven other nations in sending troops to protect foreign embassies in Peking from attack by Chinese nationalists known as the Boxers. In addition to the Open Door Policy, the United States’ response signified a more active U.S. foreign policy, and greater involvement in Asian affairs.
What were the core issues of William Jennings Bryan’s 1900 campaign?
Free silverand anti-imperialism. Neither proved popular, as the Klondike gold discovery in Alaska had allowed the government to issue more gold-backed dollars, and much of the populace was proud that America had demonstrated itself a first-class power with a strong navy in its war with Spain.
