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BIO 111 > Ch 7 > Flashcards

Ch 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph?

A

Autotroph: photosynthetic organisms, because they make their own food
Heterotroph: consumer because they aren’t photosynthetic and must consume sugar

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2
Q

What are stomata?

A

Are small openings in the leaves of flowering plants

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3
Q

Know the structures of a chloroplast. Be able to label the outer membrane, thylakoid space, a grana, and the stroma.

A

Chloroplast are double membrane bound organelles with thylakoids, thylakoid spaces, grana, and stroma.
Chloroplasts are the organelles is mesophyll tissue cells where photosynthesis takes place.

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4
Q

Be able to recognize and write the equation for photosynthesis.

A

6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen

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5
Q

What molecule is the electron carrier in photosynthesis?

A

Chloroplasts

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6
Q

What scientist used an isotope of oxygen to discover that the oxygen gas produced comes from water?

A

C. B Van Neil of Harvard University

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7
Q

What are the two major sets of reactions in photosynthesis? 7.5

A

Photosynthesis takes place in two stages: light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions). Light-dependent reactions, which take place in the thylakoid membrane, use light energy to make ATP and NADPH.

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8
Q

What is the starting molecule in the light reaction? Where does the energy come from?

A

Chlorophyll. First stage of photosynthesis in which light energy from the sun is captured and changed into chemical energy that is stored in ATP and NADPH.

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9
Q

What is the product that moves into the atmosphere? Where does this happen?

A

The leftover oxygen is released and makes its way to the atmosphere.
It happens in photosystem II

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10
Q

What products move to the Calvin Cycle?

A

NADPH and ATP

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11
Q

What is the starting molecule in the Calvin Cycle?

A

A molecule of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is attacked to RuBP (a 5 carbon molecule) The result is one 6 carbon molecule, which splits into two 3-carbon molecules. (RuBP carboxylase)

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12
Q

What is the final product in the Calvin Cycle? Where does this happen?

A

The final product of the Calvin cycle is glucose.

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13
Q

What is the relationship between pigments and photosystems? Are they part of the light reaction or the Calvin Cycle?

A

Pigment Molecules absorb wavelengths of light, and reflect or transmit the other wavelengths.
Photosystems consist of a pigment complex ( molecules of chlorophyll A and B, and the carotenoids) and electron acceptor molecules.
They are part of the light reaction because photosystem occurs in the thylakoid membrane and participle in photosynthetic process and pigment complex absorbs solar energy.

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14
Q

Chlorophyll A, chlorophyll B, and carotenoids absorb what wavelengths of light?

A

Chlorophyll A and B absorb wavelengths in the violet, blue, and red spectrum.
Carotenoids absorb wavelengths in the violet, blue, and green range.

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15
Q

What wave lengths do chlorophyll A, b and carotenoids reflect?

A

Chlorophyll A and B reflect green because green is reflected and our retina receives green wavelengths.
Carotenoids reflect orange and yellow because chlorophyll breaks down and carotenoids make leaves appear orange and yellow.

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16
Q

Which wave lengths do our eyes use to tell use what color we are seeing?

A

Visible Spectrum
Visible light is made up of wavelengths ranging from 380 nm to 750 nm (Roy G. Biv) (750 to 380)
Visible lights contains wavelengths of solar radiation that excite photosynthetic pigments.
We see what is reflected not what is absorbed

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17
Q

What wave lengths of light absorption result in oxygen production? Are these the same as the absorption by the photosystems pigments?

A

.

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18
Q

Where in the chloroplast is the electron transport chain?

A

in the chloroplast, the ETC is found on the thylakoid membrane

19
Q

What is the difference between photosystem II and photosystem I?

A

Photosystem I: Chlorophyll A
- just like photosystem II the pigment absorb visible light and electrons and energized - electron acceptor molecules receive energized electrons -instead of replacing electrons by stripping water the electrons come from photosystem II - the electron lose energy, so they are lower energy electrons
Photosystem II: Chlorophyll B
-electrons begin to move -pigment complexes arrange to form reaction centers to absorb visible light - electron gain energy to move to a electron acceptor - electrons need to be replaced so they strip form water molecules - left over oxygen goes to the atmosphere

20
Q

Which photosystem was named first?

A

Photosystem I

21
Q

Which photosystem comes first in the process?

A

Photosystem II

22
Q

Where is H+ pumped to create and electrochemical gradient? 7.9

A

A carrier at the start of the electron transport chain pumps hydrogen ions from the stroma into the thylakoid space. When hydrogen ions flow back out of the space into the stroma through an ATP synthase complex, ATP is produced from ADP + .

23
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

H+ moving through ATP synthase to produce ATP.

24
Q

Where is the ATP synthase and what does it do?

A

The ATP synthase complex, which has a channel (electron transport chain) and a protruding ATP synthase, is an enzyme that joins ADP + .
H+ moving through ATP synthase to produce ATP is chemiosmosis

25
Q

How is ATP synthase involved in photophosphorylation?

A

.

26
Q

Explain the relationship between carbon fixation and the Calvin Cycle.

A

Carbon dioxide fixation is the first step of the Calvin cycle. During this reaction, a molecule of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is attached to RuBP (ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate), a 5-carbon molecule. The result is one 6-carbon molecule, which splits into two 3-carbon molecules.

27
Q

What is RuBP and what is the RuBP carbonxlase?

A
  1. RuBP (ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate), a 5-carbon molecule.The result is one 6-carbon molecule, which splits into two 3-carbon molecules.
  2. RuBP carboxylase is a 6 carbon molecule into 2 three carbon molecules. Its the enzyme that speeds Carbon Dioxide Fixation. It is a protein that makes up about 20–50% of the protein content of chloroplasts
28
Q

How is ATP used in the Calvin Cycle?

A

ATP is the energy source
Two 3PG molecules are converted into G3P molecules, a three carbon sugar phosphate, by adding energy from ATP
ATP regenerates the RUBP acceptor

29
Q

Where did ATP come from in the Calvin Cycle?

A

Made during the light stage of photosynthesis on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast.

30
Q

How is NADPH used in the Calvin Cycle and where did it come from?

A

ATP and NADPH are used to reduce 3-PGA into G3P, then ATP and NADPH are converted to ADP and NADP+

31
Q

How do you go from a five carbon RuBP to a six carbon molecule in the Calvin Cycle?

A

Carbon dioxide fixation

32
Q

What do mesophyll cells have in them?

A

Specialized for photosynthesis. These cells in the middle of the leaf contain many chloroplasts and organelles that perform photosynthesis.

33
Q

What is G3P?

A

The first reactant in a number of plant cell metabolic pathways.

34
Q

How does G3P become sucrose, starch, and or cellulose?

A

G3P combine with fructose to form sucrose.
G3P is the starting point for Stacy and cellulose.
Starch is the storage form of glucose.
Cellulose is a structural component of plant cell walls

35
Q

How does G3P become a fatty acid or amino acid?

A

A plant can use the kiddo carbon electron of G3P to form fatty acids.
When nitrogen is added tot heh hydrocarbon skeleton of G3P, amino acids are formed, allowing plants to produce protein.

36
Q

What happens in C3 plants when stomata close, oxygen concentration rises, and carbon dioxide concentration decreases? Explain why this is called photorespiration compared to photosynthesis?

A

Photorespiration. It’s called photorespiration instead of photosynthesis because an adaptation call C4 photosynthesis enable some plants to avoid photorespiration.

37
Q

What is the difference in the location of the chloroplasts in C3 plants versus C4 plants?

A

C3 , the mesophyll cells contain the chloroplast are arranged in parallel layers
C4, the bundle sheath cells and mesophyll cells contain chloroplasts.

38
Q

Describe how C4 plants divided carbon fixation and the Calvin Cycle in different areas of the leaf.

A

CAM photosynthesis. It occurs in plants that live in warm, dry regions of the world.
Carbon fixation occurs in mesophyll cells.
Calvin cycle occurs in the bundle sheath cells.

39
Q

In C4 plants, the enzymes PEPCase doesn’t combine with oxygen even when the stomata are closed. Explain how this makes photosynthesis more efficient when it’s hot and the stomata are closed.

A

It conserves water.

Reduce photorespiration by preventing oxygen from competing with carbon dioxide for an active site.

40
Q

Give examples of C4 plants (hot, dry)

A

Corn
Sugarcane
Crabgrass

41
Q

Give examples of C3 plants. (Temperate)

A

Beans
Rice
Wheat
Potatoes

42
Q

Pineapple use what type of photosynthesis?

A

CAM,,, crassulacean acid

43
Q

How is carbon fixation divided from the Calvin Cycle in pineapple?

A

CAM plants that fix CO2 at night, forming a C4 molecule that is released to the Calvin cycle during the day.

44
Q

When are the stomata open in pineapples?

A

At night when it’s not as hot so they don’t lose water when they open their stomata.

BIO 111 (6 decks)

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