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BIO 111 > Ch 11 > Flashcards

Ch 11 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What did Gregor Mendal study at the University of Vienna?

A
  • Gregory Mendal studied math and science
  • 1822-1884
  • Worked as a substitute teacher at a local high school
  • First scientist to apply math to biology
  • he applied statistics and probability to breeding experiments
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2
Q

Describe the blending concept of inheritance.

A

Mendal theory: particulate theory

  • he thought minute particles ( hereditary units) were reshuffled in parents and passed on to offspring
  • he proposed the law of segregation
  • he proposed the law of independent assortment
  • Mendal did not know about DNA or genetic material
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3
Q

Is it the F1 generation or the F2 generation that disproves this theory of inheritance?

A

F1 generation: this was the offspring from the cross of two true-breeding varieties chosen to be different by only one trait

  • blending theory rejected
  • when tall plants were crossed with short plants: the offspring were all tall.
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4
Q

What is Mendels Law of segregation?

A

To test the blended vs particulate nature of inheritance Mendal selected true-breeding pea varieties that differed in only one trait
-tall vs short (everything else is the same)
- red vs white (everything else is the same)
If blended theory was correct: tall crossed with short would give medium offspring and red vs white would give pink offspring

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5
Q

What is Mendals law of independent assortment?

A

Two or more characteristics are inherited, individuals hereditary factors as sort independently during gamete production, giving different traits an equal opportunity of occurring together

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6
Q

What is a true-breeding organism?

A
  • self-pollination for many plant generations produces offspring plants that look exactly like the parent plant
  • tall plants always produce tall offspring
  • red plants always produce red offspring
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7
Q

What does the genotype look like or a true-breeding organism and what is the phenotype of an example organism for 1 trait?

A

Genotype for true-breeding organism is either TT or tt

Phenotype of F1 generation is Tt

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8
Q

What does the genotype look like and what is the phenotype of an example organism for two traits?

A

F2 generation phenotype: always produces a 3:1 ratio of the true-breeding phenotypes
F2 generation genotype: Ff and Ff produce FF, Ff, Ff, and ff

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9
Q

Why was it necessary for Mendel to remove the anthers from a pea plant in some of his experiments?

A

For some of the plants to self-pollinate like in F2 generations

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10
Q

Which of the generations could be produced by self-fertilization? Why is this called a monohybrid cross?

A

F2 generation: generation allowed to self-pollinate

Monohybrid cross: Letting the offspring from the true-breeding cross self-pollinate

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11
Q

Which generation produces a 3:1 ratio of dominant to recessive phenotype so in the offspring?

A

F2 generation always produces a 3:1 ration of the true-breeding phenotypes

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12
Q

Describe the purpose of a test cross with offspring of the F1 generation of a monohybrid cross. What are the genotype a of both parents for this test cross?

A

F1 generation: this was the offspring from the cross of two true-breeding varieties chosen to be different by only one trait
Monohybrid cross: letting the offspring from a true-breeding cross self-pollinate

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13
Q

Define locus.

A

A specific area on a chromosome

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14
Q

Define allele.

A
  • two traits, segregated in gametes, brought together again in offspring
  • each trait can be called an allele
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15
Q

Define homozygous.

A

The alleles are identical

  • both dominant: TT
  • both recessive: tt
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16
Q

Define heterozygous.

A

One dominant and one recessive: Tt

17
Q

What is a dihybrid cross?

A

Looking at 2 traits

18
Q

For dihybrid crosses, what is the genotype of the homozygous dominant parent in the P generation?
What is the phenotype for this parent?

A 
Parent 1: a tall (homozygous dominant) plant with green pods ( homozygous dominant) TTGG
Phenotypes:
1. Tall plants with green pods
2. Tall plants with yellow pods 
3. Short plants with green pods
4. Short plants with yellow pods
19
Q

What is the genotype for the homozygous recessive parent in the P generation?
What is the phenotype for this parent?

A

Parent 2: a short ( homozygous recessive) plant with yellow pods ( homozygous recessive) ttgg
Phenotype:
1.Short plants with green pods
2.Short plants with yellow pods

20
Q

For dihybrid crosses, what would the genotype of the offspring of the F1 generation if both parents are heterozygous for both traits?
What are the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the F2 generation from this cross?
What is the expected ratio of phenotypes from this cross?

A

If the F1 generation was heterozygous (Tt) then the test cross will produce offspring that have a phenotype ration of 1:1
-TT, Tt, Tt, tt

21
Q

Describe the purpose of a test cross with offspring of the F1 generation of a dihybrid cross.
What are the genotypes of both parents for this test cross?

A

.

22
Q

Some genes have multiple alleles, although each individual only inherits two. Is this true or false?
What was the example of this in the lecture?

A

.

23
Q

A person has a blood type AB. Is this an example of codominance or incomplete dominance?

A

Codominance

24
Q

Define codominance.

A

Pattern of inheritance in which both alleles of a gen are expressed

25
Q

Define incomplete dominance.

A

Offspring show traits intermediate between two parental phenotypes

26
Q

Some traits that are know to be dominant are not expressed for unknown reasons. Is this codominance, incomplete dominance, or incomplete penetrance?
What was example in the lecture?

A

Incomplete penetrance

  • dominant allele not always expressed
  • polydactyl ( extra fingers)
27
Q

What is a pedigree diagram?

A

shows the occurrence and appearance or phenotypes of a particular gene or organism and its ancestors from one generation to the next

28
Q

Why are pedigree diagrams useful to determine inheritance patterns of human traits and diseases?

A

.

29
Q

Know the characteristics of inheritance for autosomal recessive disorders.

A

The affected individual must have the genotype as aa (homozygous recessive)

  1. Parents can be affected or carriers
  2. Carriers are heterozygous and unaffected
  3. Most children have unaffected parents
  4. Two affected parents will always have an affected child
  5. Close relatives who reproduce are more likely to have affected children
  6. Both males and females are affected with equal frequency
30
Q

Know the characteristics of inheritance for autosomal dominant disorders.

A

The affect individual can have the genotype AA. (homozygous dominant) or Aa (heterozygous)

  1. Affected children will usually have an affected parent
  2. Two affected parents can have an unaffected child
  3. Two unaffected parents will not have affected child
  4. Both males and females are affected with equal frequency
31
Q

Know the characteristics of inheritance for sex-linked disorders.

A 
Color blindness
Menkes syndrome 
Duchene muscular dystrophy 
Adrenoleukodystrophy
Hemophilia
32
Q

Know the details of the diseases covered in lecture that are autosomal recessive.

A

Methemoglobinemia
Cystic fibrosis
Phenylketonuria

33
Q

Know the details of the diseases covered in lecture that are autosomal dominant.

A

Osteogenesis imperfecta
Hereditary spherocytosis
Huntington disease

34
Q

Know the details of the diseases covered in lecture that are sex-linked recessive.

A
  1. Color blindness
  2. Menkes syndrome
  3. Duchene muscular dystrophy
  4. Adroenoleukodydtrophy
  5. Hemophilia
35
Q

What is a pleiotropic effect?

A

A single gene exerts an effect on many aspects of an individual’s phenotype
Ex-sickle cell traits
Ex- porphyria
Ex- Marfan syndrome

BIO 111 (6 decks)

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