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Unit 3; BIO 135 > CH. 7 > Flashcards

CH. 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Lymphatic vessels ______.

A

form a one-way system of vessels which transport lymph to the cardiovascular veins

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2
Q

Once it is picked up by lymphatic vessels, excess interstitial fluid becomes _______.

A

lymph

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3
Q

Which human organ system returns excess interstitial fluid to the blood?

A

Lymphatic system

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4
Q

Lymphatic vessels move lymph to the ____.

A

Cardiovascular system

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5
Q

The lymphatic ducts drain into the right and left _______ veins.

A

subclavian

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6
Q

What are a couple of secondary lymphatic organs

A

Spleen, Lymph nodes

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7
Q

The soft gland in the thoracic cavity that is the site where human T lymphocytes mature is the ______.

A

Thymus

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8
Q

T lymphocytes mature in the ______.

A

Thymus

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9
Q

B cells and T cells are the two types of ______.

A

lymphocytes

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10
Q

The lymphatic ducts drain into the right and left _____ veins.

A

subcalvian

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11
Q

The spleen is located in the _______.

A

upper left abdominal cavity

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12
Q

A person who does not have a spleen will probably have an increased susceptibility to ______.

A

infections

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13
Q

The major function of lymph nodes is to _______.

A

filter and fight infections in lymph

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14
Q

The type of immunity that is fully functional without previous exposure to various foreign invaders is ______.

A

innate immunity

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15
Q

The two main cells used in the inflammatory response to engulf and kill pathogens are neutrophils and ________.

A

macrophages

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16
Q

What is lysozyme?

A

An antibacterial enzyme

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17
Q

During an inflammatory response, mast cells and injured tissue cells often cause capillaries in the area to dilate and become more permeable by releasing what chemical?

A

Histamine

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18
Q

Microbes found in areas of the body such as the mouth and intestines and that help to prevent infection by pathogens are called the normal __________.

A

flora

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19
Q

The major type of white blood cell that is found in pus is the ______.

A

neutrophil

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20
Q

Concentrations of lymphatic tissue (lymphatic nodules) in the intestinal wall are called Peyer _________.

A

patches

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21
Q

The chemical mediators secreted by neutrophils that attract white blood cells to the sites of inflammation, are collectively called ________.

A

cytokines

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22
Q

White blood cells that develop into macrophages when they move from the blood circulation into other tissues are called ______.

A

monocytes

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23
Q

The complement system is actually composed of _____.

A

a number of blood plasma proteins

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24
Q

When tissue cells are damaged, they release histamine, which causes the
______ to dilate and become more permeable.

A

capillaries

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25
Q

A number of plasma proteins that can trigger inflammation, phagocytosis, and membrane attack complex formation are all components of the _______
system.

A

complement

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26
Q

An accumulation of dead and dying neutrophils forms a visible yellow-white substance called _____.

A

pus

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27
Q

The best description of a monocyte is _________.

A

a white blood cell that becomes a phagocytic macrophage in tissues

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28
Q

A group of protective plasma proteins designated by the letter C and a number are all part of the ____________ system.

A

complement

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29
Q

How do T and B lymphocytes recognize different antigens?

A

Each lymphocyte has antigen receptors in its plasma membrane, which can bind to only one specific antigen.

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30
Q

Which two types of cells can undergo clonal expansion after a specific antigen binds an antigen receptor on their surface?

A

B & T cells

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31
Q

Once a membrane attack complex is formed on a bacterial cell wall, the bacterium will ______.

A

burst

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32
Q

Describe major characteristics of B cells.

A
  • Carry out antibody-mediated immunity
  • Produce memory cells with clonal expansion
33
Q

Lymphocytes that produce antibodies are called
____cells.

A

B

34
Q

Virus-infected cells often secrete interferons, which have which effect?

A

Cause uninfected cells to produce substances that interfere with viral replication

35
Q

Cloned B cells that produce antibodies specific to a particular antigen are called
________ cells.

A

plasma

36
Q

B cells and T cells are capable of recognizing foreign antigens because they have specific antigen _____ in their plasma membrane.

A

receptors

37
Q

It is estimated that a person’s immune system can produce antibodies that can bind to up to two million different antigens. The immune system accomplishes this feat by ______.

A

shuffling and combining DNA segments to produce the genes that code for unique B cell receptors

38
Q

When a B cell or T cell is stimulated by antigen, it divides, producing many identical copies of itself. This is an important part of the _______ selection model.

A

Clonal

39
Q

What lymphocyte produces antibodies?

A

B cell

40
Q

Another term for the programmed death of a cell is ?

A

Apoptosis

41
Q

When antibodies coat a virus or toxin and thereby inactivate it; this is called _____.

A

neutralization

42
Q

Which of the following involves defense of the body by B cells and plasma cells?

A

Antibody-mediated immunity

43
Q

The antibody class that is most closely associated with immediate allergic reactions is ____.

A

IgE

44
Q

The antigen-binding site of an antibody molecule is formed by _________.

A

its variable regions

45
Q

Antibodies that are produced by a plasma cell derived from a single B cell, and which therefore bind to exactly the same antigen, are called __________
antibodies.

A

monoclonal

46
Q

When antibodies bind to multiple antigens, this can form a clump called an immune
_______ that can attract white blood cells.

A

complex

47
Q

Monoclonal antibodies are used to detect the hormone HCG in a woman’s urine. A positive test result usually indicates ________.

A

pregnancy

48
Q

The antibody class that can cross the placenta during pregnancy to provide temporary protection to the newborn is ________.

A

IgG

49
Q

Cell-mediated immunity most directly involves the destruction of diseased and/or cancerous cells by _________.

A

T cells

50
Q

The storage granules of cytotoxic T cells contain enzymes that stimulate apoptosis in target cells. These enzymes are specifically called _______.

A

granzymes

51
Q

Which type of cell regulates the responses of all the other cells listed?

A

Helper T cell

52
Q

Adaptive immunity in which T cells destroy disease or cancer cells is ___________.

A

cell-mediated immunity

53
Q

HIV makes a person susceptible to infections because the ______
T cells cannot activate other immune system cells.

A

Helper

54
Q

Which type of cells display fragments of antigens to T cells?

A

Antigen-presenting cells

55
Q

The type of immunity that results from the production of antibodies by an individual following an infection or vaccination is ______ immunity.

A

active

56
Q

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are defined by their ability to “present” antigens to T cells in the grooves of what type of molecules on the APC surface?

A

Major histocompatibility complex

57
Q

The type of immunity that results from the administration of prepared antibodies by injection is ______immunity

A

passive

58
Q

The human immunodeficiency virus causes AIDS, which stands for ________ immunodeficiency syndrome.

A

acquired

59
Q

The administration of an inactivated or modified pathogen to stimulate the body’s immune system is called _________.

A

immunization

60
Q

The signaling molecule that regulates white blood cell formation and activation is called ______.

A

cytokine

61
Q

A reaction that is defined as a hypersensitivity to substances that normally pose no serious risk to the body, such as pollen, food, or animal hair is called a(n)
______ reaction.

A

allergic

62
Q

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are defined by their ability to “present” antigens to T cells in the grooves of what type of molecules on the APC surface?

A

Major histocompatibility complex

63
Q

The first step of an immediate allergic response is the binding of an allergen to IgE in the surface of mast cells and basophils. The next step is ____.

A

the release of histamine

64
Q

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is caused by ______.

A

the human immunodeficiency virus

65
Q

Anaphylactic shock is a severe form of immediate allergic response that can cause a life-threatening drop in blood pressure. The medication that is typically administered to someone in this condition on an emergency basis is ______.

A

epinephrine

66
Q

A positive skin test for tuberculosis is an example of a(n) ______.

A

delayed allergic response

67
Q

In what was can HIV be transmitted?

A

Vaginal intercourse, ingestion of breast milk, rectal intercourse, and injection with contaminated needle.

68
Q

To minimize organ transplant rejection, which type of molecules must be cross matched between the donor and the recipient?

A

MHC molecules

69
Q

Because substances like pollen, food, and animal hair can provoke hypersensitivity reactions, they are called ______.

A

allergens

70
Q

The main reason that xenotransplantation, or transplantation of animal organs into humans, is being explored is because ______.

A

there is a shortage of human donor organs.

71
Q

Which antibody class is most directly involved in immediate allergic responses?

A

Allergan

72
Q

A life-threatening form of immediate allergic reaction that is due to allergen entering the bloodstream is specifically called ___________.

A

anaphylactic shock

73
Q

A relatively rare genetic condition in which a child is born without functional B cells or T cells is SCID, or severe
_______ immunodeficiency.

A

combined

74
Q

Which single factor do autoimmune diseases have in common?

A

the immune system attacks the body’s own cells, tissues, or molecules

75
Q

Which one of these is an autoimmune inflammation of the joints?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

76
Q

The transplantation of animal organs into human recipients is called _______.

A

xenotransplantation

77
Q

Which autoimmune disease results from antibodies that interfere with the function of neuromuscular junctions?

A

Myasthenia gravis

78
Q
A

Unit 3; BIO 135 (3 decks)

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