CH. 7 Flashcards
Lymphatic vessels ______.
form a one-way system of vessels which transport lymph to the cardiovascular veins
Once it is picked up by lymphatic vessels, excess interstitial fluid becomes _______.
lymph
Which human organ system returns excess interstitial fluid to the blood?
Lymphatic system
Lymphatic vessels move lymph to the ____.
Cardiovascular system
The lymphatic ducts drain into the right and left _______ veins.
subclavian
What are a couple of secondary lymphatic organs
Spleen, Lymph nodes
The soft gland in the thoracic cavity that is the site where human T lymphocytes mature is the ______.
Thymus
T lymphocytes mature in the ______.
Thymus
B cells and T cells are the two types of ______.
lymphocytes
The lymphatic ducts drain into the right and left _____ veins.
subcalvian
The spleen is located in the _______.
upper left abdominal cavity
A person who does not have a spleen will probably have an increased susceptibility to ______.
infections
The major function of lymph nodes is to _______.
filter and fight infections in lymph
The type of immunity that is fully functional without previous exposure to various foreign invaders is ______.
innate immunity
The two main cells used in the inflammatory response to engulf and kill pathogens are neutrophils and ________.
macrophages
What is lysozyme?
An antibacterial enzyme
During an inflammatory response, mast cells and injured tissue cells often cause capillaries in the area to dilate and become more permeable by releasing what chemical?
Histamine
Microbes found in areas of the body such as the mouth and intestines and that help to prevent infection by pathogens are called the normal __________.
flora
The major type of white blood cell that is found in pus is the ______.
neutrophil
Concentrations of lymphatic tissue (lymphatic nodules) in the intestinal wall are called Peyer _________.
patches
The chemical mediators secreted by neutrophils that attract white blood cells to the sites of inflammation, are collectively called ________.
cytokines
White blood cells that develop into macrophages when they move from the blood circulation into other tissues are called ______.
monocytes
The complement system is actually composed of _____.
a number of blood plasma proteins
When tissue cells are damaged, they release histamine, which causes the
______ to dilate and become more permeable.
capillaries
A number of plasma proteins that can trigger inflammation, phagocytosis, and membrane attack complex formation are all components of the _______
system.
complement
An accumulation of dead and dying neutrophils forms a visible yellow-white substance called _____.
pus
The best description of a monocyte is _________.
a white blood cell that becomes a phagocytic macrophage in tissues
A group of protective plasma proteins designated by the letter C and a number are all part of the ____________ system.
complement
How do T and B lymphocytes recognize different antigens?
Each lymphocyte has antigen receptors in its plasma membrane, which can bind to only one specific antigen.
Which two types of cells can undergo clonal expansion after a specific antigen binds an antigen receptor on their surface?
B & T cells
Once a membrane attack complex is formed on a bacterial cell wall, the bacterium will ______.
burst
Describe major characteristics of B cells.
- Carry out antibody-mediated immunity
- Produce memory cells with clonal expansion
Lymphocytes that produce antibodies are called
____cells.
B
Virus-infected cells often secrete interferons, which have which effect?
Cause uninfected cells to produce substances that interfere with viral replication
Cloned B cells that produce antibodies specific to a particular antigen are called
________ cells.
plasma
B cells and T cells are capable of recognizing foreign antigens because they have specific antigen _____ in their plasma membrane.
receptors
It is estimated that a person’s immune system can produce antibodies that can bind to up to two million different antigens. The immune system accomplishes this feat by ______.
shuffling and combining DNA segments to produce the genes that code for unique B cell receptors
When a B cell or T cell is stimulated by antigen, it divides, producing many identical copies of itself. This is an important part of the _______ selection model.
Clonal
What lymphocyte produces antibodies?
B cell
Another term for the programmed death of a cell is ?
Apoptosis
When antibodies coat a virus or toxin and thereby inactivate it; this is called _____.
neutralization
Which of the following involves defense of the body by B cells and plasma cells?
Antibody-mediated immunity
The antibody class that is most closely associated with immediate allergic reactions is ____.
IgE
The antigen-binding site of an antibody molecule is formed by _________.
its variable regions
Antibodies that are produced by a plasma cell derived from a single B cell, and which therefore bind to exactly the same antigen, are called __________
antibodies.
monoclonal
When antibodies bind to multiple antigens, this can form a clump called an immune
_______ that can attract white blood cells.
complex
Monoclonal antibodies are used to detect the hormone HCG in a woman’s urine. A positive test result usually indicates ________.
pregnancy
The antibody class that can cross the placenta during pregnancy to provide temporary protection to the newborn is ________.
IgG
Cell-mediated immunity most directly involves the destruction of diseased and/or cancerous cells by _________.
T cells
The storage granules of cytotoxic T cells contain enzymes that stimulate apoptosis in target cells. These enzymes are specifically called _______.
granzymes
Which type of cell regulates the responses of all the other cells listed?
Helper T cell
Adaptive immunity in which T cells destroy disease or cancer cells is ___________.
cell-mediated immunity
HIV makes a person susceptible to infections because the ______
T cells cannot activate other immune system cells.
Helper
Which type of cells display fragments of antigens to T cells?
Antigen-presenting cells
The type of immunity that results from the production of antibodies by an individual following an infection or vaccination is ______ immunity.
active
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are defined by their ability to “present” antigens to T cells in the grooves of what type of molecules on the APC surface?
Major histocompatibility complex
The type of immunity that results from the administration of prepared antibodies by injection is ______immunity
passive
The human immunodeficiency virus causes AIDS, which stands for ________ immunodeficiency syndrome.
acquired
The administration of an inactivated or modified pathogen to stimulate the body’s immune system is called _________.
immunization
The signaling molecule that regulates white blood cell formation and activation is called ______.
cytokine
A reaction that is defined as a hypersensitivity to substances that normally pose no serious risk to the body, such as pollen, food, or animal hair is called a(n)
______ reaction.
allergic
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are defined by their ability to “present” antigens to T cells in the grooves of what type of molecules on the APC surface?
Major histocompatibility complex
The first step of an immediate allergic response is the binding of an allergen to IgE in the surface of mast cells and basophils. The next step is ____.
the release of histamine
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is caused by ______.
the human immunodeficiency virus
Anaphylactic shock is a severe form of immediate allergic response that can cause a life-threatening drop in blood pressure. The medication that is typically administered to someone in this condition on an emergency basis is ______.
epinephrine
A positive skin test for tuberculosis is an example of a(n) ______.
delayed allergic response
In what was can HIV be transmitted?
Vaginal intercourse, ingestion of breast milk, rectal intercourse, and injection with contaminated needle.
To minimize organ transplant rejection, which type of molecules must be cross matched between the donor and the recipient?
MHC molecules
Because substances like pollen, food, and animal hair can provoke hypersensitivity reactions, they are called ______.
allergens
The main reason that xenotransplantation, or transplantation of animal organs into humans, is being explored is because ______.
there is a shortage of human donor organs.
Which antibody class is most directly involved in immediate allergic responses?
Allergan
A life-threatening form of immediate allergic reaction that is due to allergen entering the bloodstream is specifically called ___________.
anaphylactic shock
A relatively rare genetic condition in which a child is born without functional B cells or T cells is SCID, or severe
_______ immunodeficiency.
combined
Which single factor do autoimmune diseases have in common?
the immune system attacks the body’s own cells, tissues, or molecules
Which one of these is an autoimmune inflammation of the joints?
Rheumatoid arthritis
The transplantation of animal organs into human recipients is called _______.
xenotransplantation
Which autoimmune disease results from antibodies that interfere with the function of neuromuscular junctions?
Myasthenia gravis
