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Unit 3; BIO 135 > CH. 10 > Flashcards

CH. 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

During inhalation, which structure does air enter immediately after it passes through the larynx?

A

Trachea

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2
Q

The act of moving air into the lungs is called _________ (or inhalation)

A

Inspiration

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3
Q

Breathing in is called _______, and breathing out is called ____________.

A

inspiration, expiration

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4
Q

The technical term for the process of moving air into and out of the lungs is __________.

A

ventilation

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5
Q

The larynx, nasal cavities, and pharynx are components of the ________ respiratory tract.

A

upper

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6
Q

Ventilation includes which of the following?

  • Transport of gases from tissues to lungs
  • Expiration
  • Transport of gases from lungs to tissues
  • Inspiration
A
  • Expiration
  • Inspiration
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7
Q

When the lacrimal glands produce excess tears, these flow through tear ducts that empty into the ______________.

A

Nasal Cavities

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8
Q

Where is the Laryngopharynx?

A

Opens into the larynx

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9
Q

Where is the Nasopharynx?

A

Above the soft palate

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10
Q

Where is the Oropharynx?

A

Just behind the tongue

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11
Q

The major function of the tonsils is to _______.

A

protect against invasion of inhaled foreign antigens.

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12
Q

The lacrimal glands produce ____.

A

tears

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13
Q

Which passageway is open most of the time, except when swallowing food?

A

Larynx

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14
Q

As a jet airplane takes off, passengers may experience a “popping” sound in their ears due to ____________.

A

air from the middle ears escaping through the auditory tubes

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15
Q

The vocal cords are located within the cartilaginous structure called the ________,
which is also called the voice box.

A

larynx

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16
Q

What structures form a protective ring of lymphoid tissue at the junction of the oral cavity and the pharynx?

A

tonsils

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17
Q

While a person is speaking or singing, if the tension on the vocal cords is increased, the sound becomes ______.

A

higher in pitch

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18
Q

The epiglottis functions during _____.

A

Swallowing

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19
Q

The cartilaginous organ between the pharynx and the trachea, which contains the vocal cords in humans, is called the ___________.

A

larynx

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20
Q

The flap of tissue that prevents food from entering the larynx is the _______.

A

epiglottis

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21
Q

What does the epiglottis do during swallowing?

A

Covers the opening into the larynx during swallowing.

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22
Q

The tube that extends from the larynx to the primary bronchi is the ________
.

A

trachea

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23
Q

What structure prevents food from traveling down the trachea?

A

epiglottis

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24
Q

A surgical procedure that allows breathing through a tube inserted via an incision into the trachea is called a(n) ___________.

A

tracheostomy

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25
Q

The trachea attaches directly to two tubes that lead into the lungs. These tubes are called the primary
_________.

A

bronchi

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26
Q

The secondary bronchi lead air into passageways of about 1 mm in diameter called _______.

A

bronchioles

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27
Q

The windpipe is also called the _______.

A

Trachea

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28
Q

What are the small air pockets, or sacs, of the lung called?

A

Alveoli

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29
Q

What is the surgical procedure used to make an unblocked breathing passage directly into the trachea?

A

Tracheostomy

30
Q

The respiratory passages that lead directly from the trachea into the lungs are the left and right ________.

A

Primary bronchi

31
Q

Where is the parietal pleura

A

Adheres to the wall of the thorax

32
Q

Where is the Visceral pleura?

A

Adheres to the surface of the lung

33
Q

The membrane that covers the surface of the lung is the
_______ pleura.

A

visceral

34
Q

The tube that extends from the larynx to the primary bronchi is the
_____.

A

trachea

35
Q

The visceral and parietal pleurae adhere to each other due to surface tension of water, which results from what type of molecular attraction?

A

hydrogen bonding

36
Q

Within the human lung, each bronchiole leads to a number of air pockets called ____.

A

Alveoli

37
Q

In humans the _______ lung normally has two lobes, and the _________ lung has three lobes.

A

left, right

38
Q

The serous membranes that cover the lungs are called the ______.

A

pleura

39
Q

The membrane that adheres to the wall of the thoracic cavity is the ______.

A

parietal pleura

40
Q

The major function of surfactant in the lungs is to ?

A

prevent the alveoli from collapsing

41
Q

Especially common in premature infants, infant respiratory distress syndrome can usually be treated with _________ replacement therapy.

A

surfactant

42
Q

Inflammation of the membranes that enclose the lungs is called _____.

A

pleurisy

43
Q

The substance that prevents alveoli from collapsing due to surface tension is ________.

A

surfactant

44
Q

Which is used in a technique to determine respiratory volumes?

A

Spirometer

45
Q

The maximum volume of air that can be forcefully inhaled beyond the tidal volume is the _______ reserve volume.

A

inspiratory

46
Q

A spirometer is used to measure ________.

A

Respiratory volumes

47
Q

The volume of air left in the lungs after a forceful exhalation is called _________.

A

residual volume

48
Q

What occurs when the respiratory center stops sending nerve signals to the diaphragm and the rib cage?

A

Muscles relax and expiration occurs.

49
Q

What is the approximate tidal volume of an average adult human?

A

500ml

50
Q

The maximum volume of air moved in the lungs along with the maximum amount moved out of the lungs is the ______.

A

Vital capacity

51
Q

Forced inhalation beyond the tidal volume usually adds about how many ml of inhaled air?

A

2900ml

52
Q

Chemical receptors located in the carotid arteries are called the carotid _______.

A

bodies

53
Q

Because the human respiratory system is one-way-in, and one-way-out, some of the air in the nasal cavities, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles is never used for gas exchange. These areas of the respiratory system are said to contain _______ air space.

A

dead

54
Q

How does the respiratory control center respond when the pH of the blood becomes more acidic?

A

It increases the rate and depth of breathing.

55
Q

How is the majority of carbon dioxide carried in the blood?

A

As bicarbonate ion in the blood plasma

56
Q

The maximum amount of air that can be moved into the lungs plus the maximum amount that can be moved out of the lungs during a single breath is called the
___________ capacity.

A

vital

57
Q

What is the function of carbonic anhydrase in respiration?

A

It catalyzes the breakdown of carbonic acid in red blood cells.

58
Q

The aortic and carotid bodies are chemoreceptors that are most strongly sensitive to __________.

A

blood pH

59
Q

If you hold your breath to the point where it begins to feel uncomfortable, which choice below describes the changes are occurring in your blood?

A

Blood CO2 level goes up and the blood becomes more acidic.

60
Q

In a material that contains a mixture of gases, the amount of pressure each gas exerts is called its ______ pressure.

A

partial

61
Q

Most oxygen in the blood is carried ___________.

A

in red blood cells attached to oxyhemoglobin

62
Q

The partial pressure of oxygen in the tissue fluid is lower than that of the blood because the tissue cells are using oxygen as a reactant in _______.

A

cellular respiration

63
Q

Which of these causes hydrogen ions to build up in the blood, resulting in acidosis?

A

Hypoventilation

64
Q

When oxygen combines with hemoglobin the resulting molecule is called _______.

A

oxyhemoglobin

65
Q

The exchange of gases between blood in capillaries and individual cells is called _______ respiration.

A

internal

66
Q

The medical term for infection (or inflammation) of the larynx is _______.

A

laryngitis

67
Q

The breakdown of carbonic acid to form bicarbonate ions occurs in the __________.

A

red blood cells

68
Q

Pulmonary tuberculosis is named for the tendency of the body to build protective capsules around areas where Mycobacterium bacteria have invaded host tissues. The medical term for one of these encapsulated areas is a(n) _______.

A

tubercle

69
Q

The respiratory disorder that permanently decreases the surface area for gas exchange in the lungs is called ______.

A

emphysema

70
Q

During chronic bronchitis, the bronchi commonly lose appendages called _______,
which function to cleanse the respiratory passages.

A

cilia

Unit 3; BIO 135 (3 decks)

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