CH. 10 Flashcards
During inhalation, which structure does air enter immediately after it passes through the larynx?
Trachea
The act of moving air into the lungs is called _________ (or inhalation)
Inspiration
Breathing in is called _______, and breathing out is called ____________.
inspiration, expiration
The technical term for the process of moving air into and out of the lungs is __________.
ventilation
The larynx, nasal cavities, and pharynx are components of the ________ respiratory tract.
upper
Ventilation includes which of the following?
- Transport of gases from tissues to lungs
- Expiration
- Transport of gases from lungs to tissues
- Inspiration
- Expiration
- Inspiration
When the lacrimal glands produce excess tears, these flow through tear ducts that empty into the ______________.
Nasal Cavities
Where is the Laryngopharynx?
Opens into the larynx
Where is the Nasopharynx?
Above the soft palate
Where is the Oropharynx?
Just behind the tongue
The major function of the tonsils is to _______.
protect against invasion of inhaled foreign antigens.
The lacrimal glands produce ____.
tears
Which passageway is open most of the time, except when swallowing food?
Larynx
As a jet airplane takes off, passengers may experience a “popping” sound in their ears due to ____________.
air from the middle ears escaping through the auditory tubes
The vocal cords are located within the cartilaginous structure called the ________,
which is also called the voice box.
larynx
What structures form a protective ring of lymphoid tissue at the junction of the oral cavity and the pharynx?
tonsils
While a person is speaking or singing, if the tension on the vocal cords is increased, the sound becomes ______.
higher in pitch
The epiglottis functions during _____.
Swallowing
The cartilaginous organ between the pharynx and the trachea, which contains the vocal cords in humans, is called the ___________.
larynx
The flap of tissue that prevents food from entering the larynx is the _______.
epiglottis
What does the epiglottis do during swallowing?
Covers the opening into the larynx during swallowing.
The tube that extends from the larynx to the primary bronchi is the ________
.
trachea
What structure prevents food from traveling down the trachea?
epiglottis
A surgical procedure that allows breathing through a tube inserted via an incision into the trachea is called a(n) ___________.
tracheostomy
The trachea attaches directly to two tubes that lead into the lungs. These tubes are called the primary
_________.
bronchi
The secondary bronchi lead air into passageways of about 1 mm in diameter called _______.
bronchioles
The windpipe is also called the _______.
Trachea
What are the small air pockets, or sacs, of the lung called?
Alveoli
What is the surgical procedure used to make an unblocked breathing passage directly into the trachea?
Tracheostomy
The respiratory passages that lead directly from the trachea into the lungs are the left and right ________.
Primary bronchi
Where is the parietal pleura
Adheres to the wall of the thorax
Where is the Visceral pleura?
Adheres to the surface of the lung
The membrane that covers the surface of the lung is the
_______ pleura.
visceral
The tube that extends from the larynx to the primary bronchi is the
_____.
trachea
The visceral and parietal pleurae adhere to each other due to surface tension of water, which results from what type of molecular attraction?
hydrogen bonding
Within the human lung, each bronchiole leads to a number of air pockets called ____.
Alveoli
In humans the _______ lung normally has two lobes, and the _________ lung has three lobes.
left, right
The serous membranes that cover the lungs are called the ______.
pleura
The membrane that adheres to the wall of the thoracic cavity is the ______.
parietal pleura
The major function of surfactant in the lungs is to ?
prevent the alveoli from collapsing
Especially common in premature infants, infant respiratory distress syndrome can usually be treated with _________ replacement therapy.
surfactant
Inflammation of the membranes that enclose the lungs is called _____.
pleurisy
The substance that prevents alveoli from collapsing due to surface tension is ________.
surfactant
Which is used in a technique to determine respiratory volumes?
Spirometer
The maximum volume of air that can be forcefully inhaled beyond the tidal volume is the _______ reserve volume.
inspiratory
A spirometer is used to measure ________.
Respiratory volumes
The volume of air left in the lungs after a forceful exhalation is called _________.
residual volume
What occurs when the respiratory center stops sending nerve signals to the diaphragm and the rib cage?
Muscles relax and expiration occurs.
What is the approximate tidal volume of an average adult human?
500ml
The maximum volume of air moved in the lungs along with the maximum amount moved out of the lungs is the ______.
Vital capacity
Forced inhalation beyond the tidal volume usually adds about how many ml of inhaled air?
2900ml
Chemical receptors located in the carotid arteries are called the carotid _______.
bodies
Because the human respiratory system is one-way-in, and one-way-out, some of the air in the nasal cavities, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles is never used for gas exchange. These areas of the respiratory system are said to contain _______ air space.
dead
How does the respiratory control center respond when the pH of the blood becomes more acidic?
It increases the rate and depth of breathing.
How is the majority of carbon dioxide carried in the blood?
As bicarbonate ion in the blood plasma
The maximum amount of air that can be moved into the lungs plus the maximum amount that can be moved out of the lungs during a single breath is called the
___________ capacity.
vital
What is the function of carbonic anhydrase in respiration?
It catalyzes the breakdown of carbonic acid in red blood cells.
The aortic and carotid bodies are chemoreceptors that are most strongly sensitive to __________.
blood pH
If you hold your breath to the point where it begins to feel uncomfortable, which choice below describes the changes are occurring in your blood?
Blood CO2 level goes up and the blood becomes more acidic.
In a material that contains a mixture of gases, the amount of pressure each gas exerts is called its ______ pressure.
partial
Most oxygen in the blood is carried ___________.
in red blood cells attached to oxyhemoglobin
The partial pressure of oxygen in the tissue fluid is lower than that of the blood because the tissue cells are using oxygen as a reactant in _______.
cellular respiration
Which of these causes hydrogen ions to build up in the blood, resulting in acidosis?
Hypoventilation
When oxygen combines with hemoglobin the resulting molecule is called _______.
oxyhemoglobin
The exchange of gases between blood in capillaries and individual cells is called _______ respiration.
internal
The medical term for infection (or inflammation) of the larynx is _______.
laryngitis
The breakdown of carbonic acid to form bicarbonate ions occurs in the __________.
red blood cells
Pulmonary tuberculosis is named for the tendency of the body to build protective capsules around areas where Mycobacterium bacteria have invaded host tissues. The medical term for one of these encapsulated areas is a(n) _______.
tubercle
The respiratory disorder that permanently decreases the surface area for gas exchange in the lungs is called ______.
emphysema
During chronic bronchitis, the bronchi commonly lose appendages called _______,
which function to cleanse the respiratory passages.
cilia
