ch 7

Question 1

Threat to Internal Validity

Answer 1

interfere with the ability to determine the influence of IV on DV

Question 2

Threat to External Validity

Answer 2

interfere with the ability to determine the applicability of findings to real-world people and places

Question 3

confound

Answer 3

a variable that a)varies systematically with the IV and b) could exert an effect on the DV
should be held constant but it varies

Question 4

artifact

Answer 4

a variable that a) is held constant in a study and b) might represent a restricted context under which the effect will be observed
should have systematically varied but it was held at one constant

Question 5

threats to internal validity ex

Answer 5

pseudo experiment
histroy
maturation
testing effects
confounds

Question 6

threats to external validity ex

Answer 6

pseudo experiment
selection bias
nonresponse bias
mere measurement effect
artifact

Question 7

pseudo-experiment

Answer 7

research design where someone tests a claim about one variable by exposing people to the variable of interest and noting that these people feel, think or behave as we expected

Question 8

selection bias

Answer 8

sampling people from an unrepresentative sample by using imperfect sampling techniques

Question 9

nonresponse bias

Answer 9

• the respondents are the source of the bias
• because people who chose to answer surveys are systematically different from people who choose not to do so, surveys that have low response rates may yield information that is highly misleading

Question 10

history

Answer 10

change that occurs more or less across the board in a very large group of people such as nation or culture

Question 11

maturation

Answer 11

specific developmental or experiential changes that occur in a particular person in a particular age cohort over time

Question 12

regression toward the mean

Answer 12

the tendency for people who receive high or low scores on a particular measure to score closer to the mean on subsequent testing

Question 13

the kinds of studies that are most likely to be influenced by regression towards the mean are ?

Answer 13

pretest-posttest studies that do not involve a control group

Question 14

mere measurement effect

Answer 14

the tendency for participants to change their behavior simply because they have been asked how they would respond

Question 15

testing effects

Answer 15

a problem is pretest-posttest designs that have no control group
refers to the tendency for most participants to perform better on a test or personality measure the second time they take it

Question 16

experimental mortality or attrition

Answer 16

the failure of some of the participants in an experiment to complete the study

Question 17

attrition rate

Answer 17

the proportion of people who dropped out of the study

Question 18

homogenous attrition

Answer 18

where there is an equal level of attrition across all of the experimental conditions suffer

Question 19

heterogeneous attrition

Answer 19

occurs when the attrition rates in two or more conditions of an experiment are noticeably different

Question 20

participant reaction bias

Answer 20

the bias that occurs when people realize they are being studied and behave in ways that they normally wouldn’t

Question 21

3 basic varieties of participant reaction bias

Answer 21

meet expectations
disconfirm expectations
look good

Question 22

participant expectancies

Answer 22

occur when participants consciously or unconsciously try to behave in ways they believe to be consistent with the experimenters’ hypothesis

Question 23

demand characteristics

Answer 23

characteristics of an experiment itself that subtly suggests how people are expected to behave

Question 24

participant reactance

Answer 24

the tendency of participants to try to disconfirm and experimenter’s hypothesis

Question 25

evaluation apprehension

Answer 25

refers to peoples concern about being judged favorably or unfavorably by other person

Question 26

how to reduce or eliminate most forms of participant reaction bias

Answer 26

• increase anonymity
• give participants in the experimental and control group exactly the same expectancy
• keeping participants in the dark

Question 27

experimenter bias

Answer 27

A threat to validity and can happen when experimenters’ expectations about their studies bias their experimental observations

Question 28

two distinct forms of experimenter bias

Answer 28

-when researchers make biased observations in an experiment
- when experimenters treat their participants differently according to their expectations about how their participants should perform